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Neuro
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 major ways in which brain is protected and stabilized | Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Blood-brain barrier (BBB) |
| Meninges | # of different layers (tears often lead to hemorrhaging & other difficulties |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Keeps brain buoyant within skull |
| Meningeal layers | Dura: 1st meningeal layer(top layer) Course & rough Arachnoid mater: 2nd meningeal layer Pia mater: 3rd layer, follows brain very closely to cerebral cortex |
| Functions of Meninges | -enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the CNS -CSF container |
| Dura Mater | tough, thick, collagenous membrane 2 layers -periosteal layer -meningeal layer |
| Dura Mater layers | Periosteal layer: external outer surface attached to skull Meningeal layer: inner surface attached to the arachnoid |
| Dural Folds | -separation of dura mater at certain places |
| Structures of Dura Folds | -Falx cerebri -Tentorium cerebelli -Falx Cerebelli |
| Function of Dural Folds | Stabilization of the brain |
| Falx Cerebri | Flat Sheet of dura that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
| Tentorium cerebelli | tent-like sheet of dura that covers the upper surface of the cerebellum to separate it from the occipital and temporal lobes |
| Falx Cerebelli | Sheet that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres |
| Arachnoid Mater ("Spider's Web") | thin, semi-transparent, avascular membrane that adheres to the inner surface of the dura |
| Potential spaces | -epidural space: space located between inner surface of skull and dura mater -subdural space: space located between inner layer of dura and arachnoid |
| Spaces become real if there are tears in... | -middle meningeal artery -cerebral arteries -cerebral veins Can lead to hematomas or hemorrhages, and fill potential spaces with blood |
| Hematomas/Hemorrhages | -Actual spaces and potential spaces in and around cranial meninges -Epidural space opened by blood from ruptured meningeal artery or torn dural venous sinus -Subdural space may open up by blood from vein that tears crossing the arachnoid to dural sinus |
| Subarachnoid Space - Funtion | Transport of CSF Place for major arteries to traverse Brain suspension within meninges Structure: Arachnoid trabeculae |
| Arachnoid trabeculae | fibrous, elastic connective tissue found between the arachnoid & pia spaces |
| Subarachnoid Space - Function | Transport of CSF Structure: Arachnoid villi/granulations: small evaginations of the arachnoid which protrude into the sagittal sinus. They empty CSF into the sinuses (Superior Sagittal sinus) |
| Pia Mater ("Tender" Matter) | -delicate membrane -adheres closely to all external surfaces of central nervous system -very close to the brain |
| Ventricles: Chroid Plexus - Function | -produces cerebrospinal fluid |
| Chroid Plexus is found in what structures | -Lateral ventricles (2) -3rd ventricle -4th ventricle -foramen of Monro -foramen of Magendie -foramen of Luschka |
| Parts of lateral ventricles | -Frontal (anterior) horn -Temporal (inferior) horn -Occipital (posterior) horn -Body -Atrium |
| Connects 3rd & 4th ventricles | cerebral aquaduct |
| Function of Cerebrospinal Fluid | -protective buoyancy effect for brain allowing brain to "float" -buffering system that allows give and take of brain liquid volume in skull -waste removal -regulation of extracellular area of neurons -spread of neuroactive hormones through nervous sys |
| CSF cisterns | areas that form larger spaces for CSF collections |
| Hydrocephalus | increased amount of CSF -increased pressure in brain -sustained pressure causes enlargement of ventricles & damage to surrounding vital tissues(adults) OR enlarged cranium (children) |
| Hydrocephalus causes | Cognitive deficits Lethargy Decreased responsiveness |
| Blood Brain Barrier | -Brain capillary form tight junctions between endothelial cells. Water and other soluble materials need to cross from brain to blood, cellular transport is needed |
| What 2 types of Neurons are in the Cortical Motor System? | -upper Motor neurons (axons project from the cortex down to the spinal cord or brainstem) -Lower Motor neurons (axons begin in the brainstem or spinal cord and project down to muscle units) |
| Cortical (Sensory) Motor Systems cortical regions | -Premotor cortex -Supplementary motor area -Primary motor area -Primary somatosensory area -Posterior parietal cortex |
| Cortical Control of movement (rough) sequence of events | -Cortical association areas make a decision that movement is needed -Premotor and supplementary motor areas devise a plan of movement -Information is then sent to the primary motor cortex -Commands are sent to the UMNs |
| Association Motor Cortices (Premotor & Supplementary Motor Areas) | -Extensive reciprocal connections with primary motor cortex -extensive inputs -inferior & superior parietal lobe -prefrontal lobe -Slightly more complex motor lexicon than the primary motor cortex (such as planning movements) |
| Association Motor Cortices | -premotor area -supplementary motor area |
| Premotor area (BA 4) | -movements guided by external stimulus -slower movements -involvement of larger groups of muscles |
| Supplementary motor area (BA 6) | internally generated complex movements assumption of postures |
| Primary Motor Area | -initiation of voluntary movements -large Betz (pyramidal) cells -unique to M1 -voluntary motor movement (very low threshold needed to evoke discrete movement) |
| Somatotopicaly organized | Cortical Motor Regions |
| Somatotopic organization | -mapping is not as precise as homonculus cartoons depict -movements, rather than muscles, may be encoded in motor regions -excitation of a single motor neuron causes the excitation of a specific pattern of movement but not a single muscle |
| Somatosensory Areas | -primary somatosensory area (BA 3,1,2) -sensory awareness & feedback -somatosensory association areas (BA 5,7) -sensory guidance of movement -transformation of sensory information into motor commands -attentional component |
| Lateral Corticospinal Tract | Origin -primary motor cortex (50% of fibers come from M1 but only 2-3% come from Betz cells) -motor association cortices -primary sensory cortex -somatosensory association cortices |
| Course of Lateral Corticospinal Tract | -Sensorimotor cortex -Corona radiata ("radiating crown") -posterior limb of internal capsule -cerebral peduncles -medullary pyramids -pyramidal decussation -spinal cord |
| Corona radiata | fan of fibers that descend toward the internal capsule |
| Cerebral peduncles | ventral region of midbrain |
| Basis pedunculi | white matter of cerebral peduncles containing the corticospinal fibers |
| Pyramidal decussation | cross over of 85% of fibers (Lateral Corticospinal Tract) |
| Lesion in Corticospinal tract will most likely affect... | the opposite side |
| Function of Lateral Corticospinal Tract | -skilled, voluntary (manipulative) movement of distal muscles |
| Anterior Corticospinal Tract | -Sensorimotor cortex (origin) -Corona radiata -Internal capsule -Cerebral peduncles -Medulla pyramids -Spinal Cord (Termination) |
| Anterior Corticospinal Tract - Function | -Bilateral control of axial muscles (trunk, head) -Bilateral control of girdle muscles (shoulder, pelvis) |
| Corticobulbar Tract | -Cortical motor regions (origin) -Corona radiata -Genu of internal capsule -Brainstem (termination) |
| Corticobulbar Tract - Function | General: control of skilled, fine movements of head & face Specific: dependent on cranial nerve type |
| Damage to various CNs will result in what specific losses? | -facial motor/sensory paresis or paralysis -dysphagia: swallowing difficulties -dysarthria: motor speech weakness -dysphonia: difficulty with phonation -visual field cuts -loss of eye movements -tongue weakness |
| Rubrospinal Tract | -Red nucleus, magnocellular division (origin) -ventral tegmental decussation -pons -medulla -spinal cord (termination) |
| Red nucleus - magnocellular division | midbrain structure that receives inpu from cerebellar nuclei |
| Rubrospinal Tract - Function | -Uncertian in humans -Voluntary movement of distal muscles/limbs |
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract | -Medial & inferior vestibular nuclei (origin) -Caudal projection to the medial longitudinal fasciculus -Spinal Cord (termination) |
| Medial Vestibulospinal Tract - Function | -head & neck position while walking or when our heads move in space |
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract | -lateral vestibular nuclei (origin) -caudal projection to spinal cord -spinal cord (termination) |
| Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract - Function | -balance (compensation for tilts and movements of the body) |
| Pontine Reticulospinal Tract | -Pontine recticular formation (origin) -Medial longitudinal fasciculus -Spinal cord (termination) |
| Medullary Reticulospinal Tract | -Medullary recticular formation (origin) -Medial longitudinal fasciculus -Spinal cord (termination) |
| Reticulospinal Tracts - functions | -alternate route to control spinal motor neurons -automatic, involuntary movements (spinal reflex arcs) -close relationship to cerebellum and its motor control functions -movement patterns generated wtihin the reticular formation |
| movement patterns generated within the reticular formation | -walk -run -assumptions of postures -posture adjustment -yawning -stretching -orienting |
| Tectospinal Tract | -Superior colliculus (origin) -Midbrain decussation in dorsal tegmentum -Spinal Cord (termination) |
| Tectospinal Tract - function | -role is uncertain in humans -reflexive turning of head in response to visual stimuli |
| Internal Capsule parts | -Anterior limb: fibers found between head of caudate nucleus & lenticular nucleus -Posterior limb: fibers found between the thalamus & lenticular nucleus -genu: junction of the anterior and posterior limb |
| Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule | -Corticothalamic fibers:fibers project from cerebral cortex to thalamus -Thalamocortical fibers: fibers project from thalamus to the cerebral cortex -Frontopontine fibers: fibers project from frontal lobe to pons |
| Genu of Internal Capsule | Corticobulbar tract |
| Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule | -Corticospinal tract -Corticothalamic fibers -Corticopontine fibers |
| Ascending Pathways | -Posterior Column - Medial Lemniscal System -Anerolateral System: Spinothalamic Tract |
| Posterior Column - Medial Lemniscal System - Functions | -fine, discriminative touch -Proprioception (knowledge of your body position in space) |
| Anterolateral System: Spinothalamic Tracts - Functions | -pain -temperature -diffuse (crude) touch (not as fine) |
| Somatosensory Pathways - afferent course | -periphery -spinal cord -brainstem -thalamus (with 2 exceptions) -somatosensory cortices |
| Organization of somatosensory pathways | -discrete -somatotopic fashion |
| Postereior Column - Medial Lemniscal Pathway Functions | -postural position sense (proprioception) -fine discriminative touch (stereognosis, graphesthesia, discrimination between multiple points of touch) -vibration |
| stereognosis | ability to tell what an object is by touch alone |
| Graphesthesia | ability to determine, if someone were to write on your hand, you would be able to tell what letter they were writing |
| Posterior Column - Medial Lemniscus Pathway - Course | -Sensory information conveyed from periphery (origin) -Dorsal root ganglion -posterior column -fasciculus gracilis (ipsilateral) -fasciculus cuneatus -fasciculus gracilis runs medial to fasciculus cuneatus -gracile nuclei -cuneate nuclei |
| PC - Medial Lemniscus Pathway - Course continued | -internal arcuate fibers -ascend as medial lemniscus -posterior limb of internal capsule -VPL thalamus -Primary somatosensory cortices |
| Anterolateral System | -spinothalamic -spinoreticular -spinomesencephalic |
| Spinothalamic System Pathway - Course | -sensory information conveyed from the periphery (origin) -DRG -Lamina I (substantia gelatinosa) -Lamina V (nucleus proprius) -collaterals ascend or descend for a few segments in the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer tract) |
| Anterolateral System functions | -Pain -Temperature -(crude touch) |
| Spinothalamic System Pathway - Course continued | -fibers cross midline in ventral white commissure of spinal cord -ascend as spinothalamic tract -VPL thalamus -Somatosensory cortex |
| Lesions to PC - Medial Lemniscal System | -Paresthesias -astereognosis -Decreased graphesthesia -Ataxia -Impairment of 2-point discrimination -loss of vibratory sense -loss of fine discriminative touch -loss of joint position sense |
| Paresthesias | -abnormal sensory information -tingling, numb sensation -tight band-like sensation (trunk or limbs) -sensation of gauze on fingers during palpation of objects |
| Ataxia | -incoordination of movements due to lack of sensory feedback about current position of parts of the body |
| Impairment of 2-point discrimination | use of 2-point tactile discrimination task |
| In regards to the PC - MEdial Lemniscal System... most symptoms | improve over time with exception of the ability to use somatosensory information for more complex tasks (use of 2 point tactile discrimination task, joint position, and discriminative touch) |
| Related symptoms to Medial Lemniscal System PC | -aphasia -UMN signs -visual field deficits |
| Lesions in the Anterolateral Systems | -Contralateral analgesia -Decreased temperature sensation |
| Thalamus | -gray matter structures (numberous small specific & non-specific nuclei) -innermost structure |
| Thalamus - Function | -sensory relay station -relay station for non-sensory (motor) information -motor inputs from cerebellum, basal ganglia, and limbic system |
| Thalamic nuclei | internal medullary lamina divides most of thalamus into anterior, medial, and lateral groups of nuclei |
| Thalamic Nuclei | -Anterior nuclear group (anterior nucleus) -Medial nuclear group (mediodorsal nucleus) -Lateral nuclear group -intralaminar nuclei -reticular nucleus -midline thalamic nuclei -pulvinar nuclei -mediodorsal nucleus |
| Lateral nuclear group | -VPL -VPM -LGN -MGN -VL -VA -Pulvinar -Lateral dorsal -Lateral posterior -Ventral medial nucleus |
| Intralaminar nuclei | -nuclei are embedded in the internal medullary lamina -caudal intralaminar nuclei (largest nuclei in this group) -centromedian nucleus -parafascicular nucleus -rostral intralaminar nuclear group |
| Reticular nucleus | -thin sheet located lateral to rest of the thalamus |
| Midline thalamic nuclei | nuclei that are on the medial surface of the thalamus |
| Pulvinar nuclei | -Inputs -parietal-occipital-temporal association cortex -visual system -Outputs -parieto-temporo-occipital association areas -Function -Largely unknown (maybe attention, visual perception, language deficits) |
| Mediodorsal nucleus | Inputs -prefrontal cortex -olfactory cortex -limbic structures -basal ganglia Outputs -prefrontal cortex Function -prefrontal functions |
| Cerebellar structures | -Cerebellar hemispheres -Cerebellar peduncles -Cerebellar lobes -Deep cerebellar nuclei |
| Fissures within cerebellum | -Posterolateral fissure: fissure that separates the posterior lobe from flocconodular lobe -Primary fissure: fissure that separates the anterior lobe from posterior lobe |
| Cerebellar lobes | -anterior lobe -posterior lobe -floccolonodular lobe |
| Cerebellar peduncles | -superior cerebellar peduncles (brachium conjunctivum) -middle cerebellar peduncles (brachium pnotis) -inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) |
| Cerebellar nuclei | -dentate nuclei: inputs from lateral cerebellar hemispheres -interposed nuclei (emboliform & globose nuclei): input from intermediate part of cerebellar hemispheres -Fastigial nuclei: input from vermis, small input from flocconodular lobe |
| All outputs from cerebellum | are relay be cerebellar nuclei |
| Longitudinal cerebellar regions | -vermis & flocculonodular lobe -intermediate hemisphere -lateral hemisphere |
| Cerebellum: lateral hemispheres - function | motor planning for extremities |
| Cerebellum: intermediate hemispheres - function | distal limb coordination |
| Cerebellum: vermis/floccunodular lobes - function | -proximal limb & trunk coordination -balance -vestiobulo-occular reflexes |
| Overview of cerebellar pathways | -inputs arrive at cerebellar cortex -cerebellar cortex works its magic -signal continues to deep cerebellar nuclei -deep nuclei provide cerebellar output |
| 1 tract that comes from cerebral cortex | corticopontine tract |
| -Corticopontine tract | -cerebral cortex (origin): all lobes -internal capsule (anterior limb) -cerebral peduncles -pontine nuclei -pontoncerebellar fibers -mossy fibers (termination) |
| pontine nuclei | -scattered areas of gray matter in ventral pons -interspersed among corticopsinal and corticolbulbar fibers |
| Pontoncerebellar fibers | -midline cross over of fibers from pons to enter the middle cerebellar peduncle |
| Corticopontine tract - function | -sensorimotor information provided to cerebellum for modification & feedback |
| Spinocerebellar tracts | -dorsal spinocerebellar tract -ventral spinocerebellar tract -rostral spinocerebellar tract -cuneocerebellar tract |
| Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract (red tract) | -Proprioceptive, touch pressure sensation from legs and trunk (origin) -fibers ascend in gracile fasciculus -fibers leave the posterior columns to synapse in nucleus dorsalis of Clark -fibers ascend ipsilaterally as dorsal spinocerebellar tract |
| Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract - continued | -inferior cerebellar peduncles -mossy fibers -cerebellar cortex (termination) |
| Cuneocerebellar Tract | -Proprioceptive, touch, pressure sensation from arms (origin) -Fibers ascend in the cuneate fasciculus -external cuneate nucleus -fibers ascend ipsilaterally as cuneocerebellar tract -inferior cerebellar peduncles -cerebellar cortex (termination) |
| Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract (Cuneocerebellar tract) - Function | -Unconscious feedback information to cerebellum about limb movements -dorsal spinocerebellar tract (lower extremities) -rapid feedback to cerebellum about ongoing movements so that adjustments can be made |
| Ventral spinocerebellar tract | -Spinal border cells (origin) -fibers cross over in ventral commisure of spinal cord -fibers ascend ipsilaterally as ventral spinocerebellar tract -superior cerebellar peduncles -fibers cross over again -cerebellar cortex (termination) |
| Rostral Spinocerebellar tract | -posterior horn of spinal cord (lower cervical segments) - origin - fibers ascend ipsilaterally - inferior/superior peduncles -cerebellar cortex (termination) |
| Spinocerebellar tracts - function | -information about activity of spinal cord interneurons (which carries information about activity in descending pathways) -ventral spinocerebellar tract (lower extremities) -rostral spinocerebellar tract (upper extremities) |
| Vestibulocerebellar tract | -Vestibular nuclei (origin) -Vestibular ganglion (origin) -inferior cerebellar peduncle -vermis & flocconodular lobe |
| Vestibulocerebellar tract - Function | -Balance -Equilibrium -Vestibulo-ocular reflexes |
| Three layered structure of Cerebellar cortex | -Molecular layer -Purkinje layer -Granular layer |
| 3 Cerebellar fibers | -parallel fibers -climbing fibers -mossy fibers |
| Granule cell layer | -deepest layer -mossy fibers -granule cells -Golgi cells -glomerulus |
| Granule cell layer - mossy fibers | -origin -pontocerebellar fibers -other brainstem/spinal cord nuclei -Termination -dendrites of granule cells -Function -Indirect excitatory input to cerebellum |
| Granule cell layer - granule cells | Smallest type of neurons found in CNS Layer is closely packed with granule cells |
| Granule cell lyaer - Golgi cells | -cells that receive excitatory input from granule cell parallel fibers (molecular layer) -cells that provide inhibitory feedback to granule cell dendrites |
| Parallel fibers | axons of granule cells |
| Granule cell layer - glomerulus | a complex of different structures -dendrites of Golgi cells -mossy fiber endings -granule cell dendrites |
| Purkinje layer | -middle layer -Purkinje cells (neurons) -elaborately branched & fan shaped -climbing fibers |
| Purkinje layer - climbing fiber | -Origin: inferior olive -Termination: Purkinje cell -Function: excitatory input to cerebellum |
| Inferior Olivary Complex | -Nuclei that are found near the caudal boundary of the medulla (obex) -Nucleus has appearance of a crumpled, pitted olive -Inputs: diverse -Outputs: Cerebellum - climbing fibers |
| Molecular Layer - superficial layer | -Stellate cells -inhibitory interneuron -termination on Purkinje cell dendrites -Basket Cells -inhibitory interneurons -basket-like connections formed on Purkinje cell bodies |
| Molecular Layer - Parallel fibers | -Origin: granule cell axons -Course: Axons from parallel fibers ascend to molecular layer to split in T-shaped manner. Axons run in medial-lateral directions -Termination: Purkinje cells -Function: Excitatory input to the cerebellum |
| Excitatory Connections in the cerebellar cortex | -Mossy fibers -granule cell - parallel fibers -climbing fiber |
| Inhibitory Connections in the cerebellar cortex | -Golgi cells -Basket cells -Stellate cells -Purkinje cells |
| Cerebellar outputs to _______ _____ ______ and ______ are excitatory | cortex basal ganglia reticular formation spinal cord |
| Cerebellar Output Pathways | Dentate Nucleus (2 paths) Interposed Nucleus (2 paths) Fastigial Nucleus Vermis/Flocconodular lobe |
| Dentate Nucleus (path 1) - Output pathway | Origin: lateral hemispheres - dentate nucleus Course: Superior cerebellar peduncle VL thalamus Termination: sensorimotor cortex |
| Dentate | -most lateral -largest |
| VL | projects to the motor cortex as well as to the premotor cortex, SMA, and parietal lobe to influence motor planning in the corticospinal systems |
| Dentate Nucleus (path 1) - Function | -influence the output of the sensorimotor cortex (motor planning) via the lateral corticospinal system -cognitive functioning |
| Dentate Nucleus (path 2) - output pathway | Origin -lateral hemispheres dentate nucleus Course -superior cerebellar peduncle -parvocellular red nucleus -inferior olivary nucleus Termination -Cerebellum (climbing fibers) |
| Red Nucleus | a 2-part nucleus in rostral midbrain involved in cerebellar circuitry -receive inputs from dendrate nucleus and then provides massive out of fibers to inferior olivary nucleus OR it receives input from interposed nuclei & gives rise to rubrospinal tract |
| Dentate Nucleus (path 2) - Function | loop function is unknown |
| Interposed Nuclei (path 1) - output pathway | Origin -intermediate hemispheres - interposed nuclei Course -Superior cerebellar peduncle -VL thalamus Termination -Sensorimotor cortex |
| Interposed Nuclei (path 1) - Function | -infleunce the output of the sensorimotor cortex (motor planning) via the lateral corticospinal system -same function as the dentate nuclei-sensorimtor cortex |
| Interposed Nuclei (path 2) - output pathway | Origin: -intermediate hemispheres -interposed nuclei Course -superior cerebellar peduncle -magnocellular red nucleus Termination -Rubrospinal tract |
| Fastigial Nucleus (innermost nclei) -output pathway (has 3 different pathways) | Origin -vermis-fastigial nucleus Course -uncinate fasciculus -juxtarestiform body Termination -VL thalamus -Tectum -Reticular formation -Vestibular nuclei |
| Uncinate fasciculus | travels with the superior cerebellar peduncles fibers loop in VL thalamus and tectum |
| Tectom (roof): | region of the midbrain that is dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct |
| Some fastigial nuclei travel | in both uncinate & juxtarestiferm in only juxtarestiform |
| Fastigial Nucleus - Function | -Influence proximal trunk movements via connections to the anterior corticospinal tract, reticulopsinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, and tectospinal tract |
| Vermis/flocconodular lobe - output pathway | origin -inferior vermis/flocconocular lobe Course -vestibular nuclei -juxtarestiform body Termination -medial longitudinal pathways |
| Vermis/flocconodular lobe - function | coordination of eye and head movements |
| Vascular Supply | -Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) -Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) -Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) |
| Infarctions to any cerebellar arteries can result in... | clinical signs |
| Infarction in nearby structures typically give rise to clinical signs and symptoms assocaited with... | the cerebellum (rather than infarctions within the cerebellum itself) -lateral medulla -pons |
| Cerebellar functions | -monitoring of all cortical outputs to muscles via cerebellar input pathways -comparison of afferent information with efferent information -modification of sensorimotor plan via feedback if there is a discrepancy between body position and muscle impulse |
| Types of movements regulated by the cerebellum | -Muscle synergy: muscle coordination and smoothness of movement in time & space -Muscle tone: muscle tension -Range of movement -Velocity -Strength -Body equilibrium |
| Cerebellar functions | -coordination & motor learning of the timing and force of muscular contractions -rapid, alternating, sequential movements |
| Charteristics of cerebellar symptoms | -ipsilateral character to the signs -deficits related to motor function with no sensory loss and paralysis -gradual recovery (unless progressive or extensive involvement) |
| Common complaints from patients with cerebellar lesions | -vertigo -Nausea/vomiting -Unsteadiness/dysequilibrium -Incoordination -'slurred' speech |
| Signs of cerebellar dysfunction | -ataxia -dysdiadokinesia (inability to connect rapid movement) -Dysmetria (undershoot or overshoot during movement to target) -Dysrhythmia: abnormal timing of movements -Action or intention tremor -Nystagmus: rhythmic involuntary eye movements -Dysa |
| Basal Ganglia Structures | -Caudate Nucleus -Putamen -Globus Pallidus -Substantia Nigra -Subthalamic Nucleus |
| Caudate Nucleus | -C-shaped -constant relationship with lateral ventricles -3 parts (Head, body, tail) |
| Putamen | -large nucleus lateral to thalamus -anterior & ventral fusion to the head of caudate nucleus |
| Striatum | Caudate Nucleus & putamen -identical cell types, neurotransmitter systems -similar interconnections -common embrylogical origins -structure receives all inputs to the basal ganglia |
| Globus Pallidus | -nucleus found medial to the putamen -2 parts -globus pallidus - internal segment -globus pallidus - external segment |
| Subsantia Nigra | nucleus found in midbrain between red nucleus and cerebral peduncles 2 parts -Substantia nigra - pars compacta (SNc) -Substantia nigra - pars reticulata (SNr) |
| SNc | closely packed, pigmented doparminergic neurons |
| SNr | -loosely arranged neurons -cells closely resemble those of the globus pallidus - internal segment |
| Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) | nucleus that lies under the thalamus |
Created by:
krdekkers