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The primary functions of the respiratory system are:
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Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. T or F?
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Anatomy Ch. 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The primary functions of the respiratory system are: | providing a passageway for air, site for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, detection of odors, and sound production |
| Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. T or F? | true |
| The respiratory system is organized into two structural regions: the __ respiratory tract and the __ respiratory tract. | upper and lower |
| The upper respiratory tract includes: | nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx (throat) |
| The lower respiratory tract includes: | Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioloes, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
| Passageways that serve primarily to transport or conduct air are part of the conducting zone. Transports air. No gas exchange. Structures include: | nose/nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (all), terminal bronchioles |
| Structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood are part of the respiratory zone. Structures include: | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, and alveoli |
| The __ is the main conducting passageway for inhaled air; it is formed by bone, hyaline cartilage, and dense irregular c.t. covered with skin externally. | nose |
| Paired nasal bones form the bridge of the nose and support it superiorly. Anteroinferiorly from the bridge, there is one pair of __ cartilages and two pairs of __ cartilages. | lateral and alar |
| The flared components of the paired __ or __ are composed of dense irregular c.t. They open into the inferior surface of the nose that leads into the nasal cavity. | nostrils or nares |
| The __ __ is an internal space formed by the nose anteriorly and the skull superiorly and posteriorly. It is oblong-shaped, and it extends from the nostrils to paired openings called __ or posterior nasal apertures. This leads into the pharynx. | nasal cavity, choanae |
| The __ of the nasal cavity is formed by the hard and soft palate; the __ composed of nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones, and some cartilage of the nose. | floor, roof |
| The __ __ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions. This is formed anteriorly by the __ __ cartilage and posteriorly by a thin, bony sheet composed of perpendicular plate of ethmoid superiorly and vomer bone inferiorly. | nasal septum; septal nasal |
| The __ __ are spaces within the skull bones and named for the skull bones in which they are housed. Ducts connect all of these to nasal cavity. | paranasal sinuses |
| Both the paranasal sinuses and their ducts are lined by a __ __ __ epithelium. The mucus, with its traped particulate matter, is swept away from each sinus into the nasal cavity and then into the pharynx, where it is swallowed. | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| What are the four paranasal sinuses? | frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, and spehnodial |
| The _, commonly called the _, is a funnel-shaped passageway that averages 13cm (5.1 inches) in length. It's located posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx. Common spaced used by respiratory/digestive systems. Pathway for air and food. | pharynx or throat |
| The pharynx is wider superiorly; then narrows. It is partitioned into three regions: | nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| The __ is the superiormost region of the pharynx. It is located directly posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate. Only air passes through this. Lined by __ __ __ epithelium. | nasopharynx, pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| The middle pharyngeal region called the __ is immediately posterior to the oral cavity. It extends from the level of soft palate superiorly to the hyoid bone inferiorly. Passageway for food and air. Lined by __ __ __ epithelium. | oropharynx, nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
| The inferior narrowed region of pharynx is the _, which is located directly posterior to the larynx. It extends from level of hyoid bone and is continuous on its inferior end w/both larynx anteriorly and esophagus posteriorly. Lined by _ _ _ epithelium. | laryngopharynx, nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
| The part of the pharynx that moves only air is the __, while the __ and __ move air, food, and water. | nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngoharynx |
| The nasal cavity/sinuses are responsible for the conduction of air. It's three functions are: | 1. cleanse the air, 2. warm the air, 3. humidify the air (moisture) |
| The __ also called the __ __, is a somewhat cylindrical airway that averages about 4cm (1.6 inches) in length. It is continuous superiorly with the laryngopharynx and inferiorly with the trachea. | larynx or voice box |
| What are the functions of the larynx? | passageway for air, prevents ingested materials from entering respiratory tract, produces sound, assists in increasing pressure in abdominal cavity, and participates in both sneeze and cough reflex |
| What are the nine cartilages of the larynx? | epiglottis (1), thyroid (1), cricoid (1), arytenoid (2), corniculates (2), and cuneiforms (2) |
| In the larynx, the __ cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage. It's shaped like a shield and forms the lateral and anterior walls of the larynx. | thyroid |
| The almost V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage is called the __ __ (Adam's apple). This protuberance is larger in males b/c 1. the laryngeal inlet is narrower in males and 2. it enlarges at puberty due to testosterone-induced growth. | laryngeal prominence |
| The thyroid cartilage is attached to the lateral surface of the ring-shaped __ cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage. | cricoid |
| The large, spoon- or leaf-shaped __ is anchored to the inner aspect of the thyroid cartilage and projects posterosuperiorly into the pharynx. It closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing. | epiglottis |
| The three smaller paired cartilages of the larynx are the __, __, and __ cartilages and are located internally. | arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages |
| All cartilages of the larynx except the epiglottis are composed of __ cartilage. The epiglottis is composed of the more flexible __ cartilage. | hyaline, elastic |
| The __ __ (true vocal cords) are elastic ligaments covered with a mucous membrane that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. These folds surround the rima glottidis and are involved in sound production. | vocal folds |
| The __ __ are located w/in larynx and attach to both arytenoid and corniculate cartilages. Contraction of this causes the arytenoid cartilages to pivot resulting in change in dimension of rima glottidis. Opening narrow (adducted) and wider (abducted). | intrinsic muscles |
| __ __ originates as the vocal folds begin to vibrate. Occurs when intrinsic laryngeal muslces narrow the opening of the rima glottidis and air is forced past the vocal cords during an expiration. | sound production |
| The __ of a voice is determined by the length and thickness of the vocal cords. Males generally have longer and thicker folds than do females, thus males produce sounds that are in a lower __. | range |
| __ refers to the frequency of sound waves. Determined by amount of tension or tautness on the vocal folds as regulated primarily by intrinsic layngeal muscles. Increased tension on folds cause more vibration = higher sound. Reverse for lower sound. | pitch |
| __ depends on the force of air passing across the vocal cords. A lot of air forced through rima glottidisproduces loud sound; little air produces soft sound. | loudness |
| The __ is a flexible, slightly rigid, tubular organ also known as the __. It extends inferiorly through the neck into the mediastinum from the larynx to the main bronchi. It lies immediately anterior to the esophagus and posterior to part of the sternum. | trachea, windpipe |
| The anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by 15-20 C-shaped "rings" of hyaline cartilage called __ __. | tracheal cartilages |
| The trachea is lined by __ __ __ epithelium. | pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
Created by:
khinson