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Anthropology Final

QuestionAnswer
What does Neolithic mean? Ends of Pleistocene + early Holocene when humans domesticated plants + animals.
What does Domestication mean? Converting wilds plants + animals into forms humans can cultivate.
How long did the shift from foraging to farming take? Over many centuries.
Why did agriculture occur? Environmental change during Holocene suited domestication of plants and animals. Human population grew + agriculture provided more food than hunter/gatherer. Agriculture provided food for storage.
How did agriculture spread? In every continent except Australia. Intensive harvest began in Southwest Asia. Began in Southeastern Turkey (farming). Spread idea through people describing agriculture success to neighbors.
Describe characteristics of domestication. Began with dogs. Goats, sheep, cattle + pigs. Plants were more fundamental to human population survival. Corn, wheat, rice. Grapes and rice fermented for wine. 2/3 of calorie + protein come from domesticated plants.
What came along with domestication and agriculture? Writing, art, business + technology. Rise of cities. Increase competition for resources led to warfare.
Examples of environmental degradation soil erosion. overgrazing. destruction of vegetation. desiccation of landscapes. Overfishing. Decline of biodiversity. Decline of biodiversity. Pollution.
What leads to violence? Began in competition for land+resources. Drought leads to scarce food which leads to war+ cannibalism.
Changes in face. Reduced size+robusticity of face and jaws. Less demand on chewing muscles resulted in - smaller face+jaws, malocclusion, cranial vault rounder.
What is the masticatory functional hypothesis? Skull form change is a response to decrease demands on temporalis + masseter.
What effect does soft food have on the teeth? Crooked teeth, misaligned jaws, malocclusions.
What controls the teeth? Genes.
What controls jaw bones? Environment.
What effect does having a smaller jaw have on the teeth? Crowded teeth.
What is an advantage to eating softer foods on the teeth? Less wear on teeth.
What determines the size and shape of bones? Genes.
What kind of bones do very physically active people have? More developed bones.
What are Second Moments Area (SMA)? Measures strength of bone.
Why do bones horizontally bend easily? Mass is close to center.
Why do bones vertically/perpendicularly not bend easily? Mass is farther from center.
Agriculturalists have less what? Osteoarthritis + their bones are less robust.
What is osteoarthritis? Degenerative bone disease due to physical + mechanical stress.
What does raising crops lead to? Sedentary communities.
What are two causes of pathogens? Crowded + unsanitary.
What is periosteal reaction? Bone build up due to infection.
What is treponematoses? A group of diseases caused by bacteria + change to cranium and tibiae.
What are dental carries? Natural bacteria digest carbohydrates + create lactic acid which dissolves teeth enamel.
What does poor nutrition do? Worsens infections.
What are ameloblasts? Cells that make tooth enamel.
What is hypoplasia? Defect after infection in teeth.
When were hypoplasis really common? During the Holocene.
What leads to hypoplasias? Decline in nutrition + increase in diseases.
What is heme iron? Iron from meat. Absorbs efficiently.
What is nonheme iron? Iron from plants. Absorbs inefficiently.
What is hookworm disease? Worm extracts blood+causes anemia.
What is anemia? Lack in iron.
How does the body react to anemia? Blood cells increase production.
What is poroctic hyperstosis? Expansion + porosity in cranial bones due to anemia.
What is cribra orbitalia? Porosity in eye orbits due to anemia decrease in height.
What are some consequences of malnutrition? Decreased height. Decreased child development. Increase disease.
What is dental microwear? The degeneration and wear of the teeth.
What is dental crowding? The crowding of teeth.
What is degenerative joint disease (DJD)? The degeneration of bones and joints causes them to become weaker and more brittle.
What is DJD shoulder? The degeneration of the shoulder bones.
What is DJD lumbar vertebra? The degeneration of the curved and last vertebra in the spine.
What is DJD knee? The degeneration of the knee bones.
What is skull form change? The change is skull formation.
What is cribia orbitalia? When the area around the eyes become porous and brittle.
What is enamel hypoplasia? Enamel underdevelopment.
What are dental carries? Dissolved tooth enamel.
What is porortic hyperstosis? Expansion and porosity in cranial bones due to anemia.
What is tuberculosis? Infection in the lungs.
What is syphilis? Skin infection.
What is periostitis? Swelling of the tissue surrounding the bone.
What is ulnar fracture? Fracture in the forearm bone.
What are some positives of agriculture? During the Holocene, fertility increased. Provides more calories per unit of land. Resources for population increase.
What is the importance of the use of fire? The use of fire is another sign of Homo Erectus developing culture and technology. Access to cooked foods.
What allowed homo erectus to be the first hominid species to use language? Brain size + Broca's area (region of the brain that supported speech production).
What did band society allow Homo erectus to do? Ability to organize in order to hunt large animals.
What were spears made of? How long were they? wood and were 7ft long.
What is the hypoglossal canal? Nerve controls movement and complex tongue movements are involved in spoken language.
Created by: Jlazo198
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