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AHTG
City upon a Hill, People, CP readings
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anarchy | The chaotic expression of individuals or small groups. Failure to agree on a common course of action |
| Tyranny | The organized expression of the will of an individual or small group. Absolute power centralized in one person. |
| Despot | A ruler exercising absolute power. Political legitimacy |
| Political legitimacy | Ruling by a sanction higher than stark necessity. Sanction may stem from divine right, wisdom or consent, etc. |
| Theocracy | Divinely inspired rule, or rule by religion |
| Aristocracy | Rule based on distinguished or wise ancestors and heritage |
| Greek Freedom | The privilege of taking part in the political process and observing society’s rules |
| 3 Key Criteria for a good or ‘just’ society | 1)Freedom 2) Virtue (the good) 3) Welfare (prosperity) |
| Human Nature | The fundamental disposition of humans that determines their behavior |
| Areté | Greek term for human virtue. |
| European Enlightenment | 18th century philosophical movement that proposed individual self interest, rather than Greek virtue or Christian humility as the motivation factor in human behavior |
| 1st Alternative of Government | Autocracy- sees people as children in need of a carefully controlled environment provided by government. |
| 2nd Alternative of Government | Classical republicanism- sees people (and government) as mostly good but corruptible and so govn. Should have restricted power and try to encourage a good moral climate. |
| 3rd Alternative of Government | Libertariansim- sees the most important value as individual freedom and holds that government should only protect that freedom and nothing more. (no paternalism –ex. No seat belts. No morals legislation- ex. No laws against prostitution. |
| 4th Alternatives of Government | Liberalism- sees people in the most favorable light but institutions or other influences can corrupt them, so government is necessary to protect them from such corruption. |
| Legitimacy | When is it okay for the government to claim power and to act. |
| Structure | Rules and restrictions designed to better harness virtue. |
| Polis | City or city-state, often self-governed by its citizens as the ancient Greek city-states were. |
| A founders Toolbox (7 things) | Structure Participation Law Custom and Tradition Moral Sense Founding Myths Leadership |
| Social Compact | The social concept of a group of autonomous individuals living in a state of nature, making a common agreement about the sort of political world they want to live in. |
| State of Nature | Hyposthetical condition assumed to exist in the absence of government where human beings live in complete freedom and general equality. |
| The Human Predicament Cycle | Tyranny 2) Revolution 3) Anarchy 4)Competing Groups 1)Tyranny… |
| Corporate Communities | Colonial settlements established for economic or financial purposes by various companies. (the idea by some British entrepreneurs of the settling of Virginia) |
| Pilgrims | Small congregation of separatists seeking to distance themselves, physically and spiritually, from the Church of England by emigrating to New England. |
| Covenant Community | Republic formed as a covenant. The people for purpose of glorifying God. Elect build a holy community as an example to the world |
| Puritans | British religious emigrants who wanted to reform the Church of England rather than sever all ties with it. Their beliefs in the Christian Calling, Moral Self-Governance, and in being God[s elect would help shape the founding and American national charact |
| The Christian Calling | From Theology of John Calvin- people should pursue a “calling” in some sort of worldly work where they are to rise early in the morning, work hard, save their money, and invest it wisely. Prosperity indicates God’s approval. |
| Moral Self-governance | Puritan ideal that all must live a righteous life largely on their own, with each man being responsible for his own actions and those of his family- with an eye on his neighbor as well. |
| House of Burgesses | An assembly of representatives elected by the common people of the Virginia colony, similar to the House of Commons. |
| Tabula rasa | Latin for clean slate or blank slate. Puritans felt that the new world was one. |
| City on a Hill | Biblical ideal, kinvoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty that would be an example to the world. |
| Whig Party | England’s first political party, organized in political opposition to the King. |
| Second Treatise of Government | John Locke´s work arguing that true political authority comes not from God or precedent but from the people. |
| Glorious Revolution | 1688 bloodless English revolution against the King, making the King subject to Parliament. Considered a true founding of government. |
| Rule of Law | Generality, Prospectivity, Publicity, Consent, Due Process |
| Generality | The laws must be general (a broad categories of people) |
| Prospectively | The laws must apply to future action, not past. |
| Publicity | The laws must be both known and certain. |
| Consent | The laws must be generally acceptable to those who must live by them. |
| Due Process | The laws must be administered impartially. (guilt or innocence) |
| Natural Law | Law that classical Greeks believed resided in the human heart and reflects our innate sense of right and wrong. |
| Natural Rights | Fundamental rights granted by nature that government cannot abrogate and which government is bound to protect. |
| Common Law | Law that is considered to be from natural law principles framed in precedents set by earlier courts. In was the primary form of law in England. |
| Commonwealth ideology | The idea that the Country party had the best strategy and opportunity to preserve liberty against the Court party. Commonwealth thinkers asserted that some individuals will always be drawn to the center of political power, like moths to a flame. |
| Court party/ Tories | English royal court and the center of British political power. Characterized by corruption and subversion. |
| Country Party | English opposition to the Court party that consisted of commonwealth men (everyday citizens) thee country party was considered morally independent with pure motives. |
| John Adams and Rule of Law | Defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. His defense demonstrated to the world that the colonists were civilized and could therefore govern themselves. |
| Separation of powers | Dividing powers of government between the separate branches. |
| Mercantilism | An economic theory that emphasized the importance of stockpiling gold and silver to the economic power of a nation. Mercantilists regulated the economy |
| Command System | An economic system in which the allocation of resources is heavily controlled by government instead of free market forces. |
| Navigation Acts | Economic regulations passed by British Parliament to enforce trade regulations in the colonies. All had to go through British. |
| Capitalism | The philosophy of a free market economy in which the government serves only to create an acceptable environment in which to make exchanges. |
| The Wealth of Nations | Book by Adam Smith (Scottish economist) that criticized mercantilism and proposed a free market economy in which the “invisible hand” determined prices. |
| Markets | Divisions of the economy that specialize in certain goods or services. |
| Market economy | An economic model advanced by Adam Smith in which the forces of individual self-interest regulate the economy. This self-regulation eliminates the need for most government interventions. |
| Exchange | Trade between two parties. |
| Role of Money | Money facilitates exchange by eliminating the necessity for a “coincidence of wants,” functioning as a generally acceptable medium for exchange. |
| Coincidence of Wants | When two parties each possess something desired by the other, promotion an exchange. |
| Specialization | The economic practice of focusing resources on production of one or a few goods. -(pin factory) we should not be completely self-efficient. (Division of labor) |
| Perfect competition | When buyers and sellers have no influence on price and terms of exchange. |
| Collusion | When sellers are conspiring to maintain a high price and avoid competing with one another: |
| Monopoly | When one person or group captures enough market power to control or manipulate prices: the lack of competition in a market. |
| Law of Supply | As the price of a particular good or service rises, suppliers will produce more of that good or service. |
| Law of Demand | As the price of a particular good or service rises, individuals will buy less of that good or service. |
| Role of Prices | Ina market economy prices determine the quantity of goods supplied. |
| Role of Profits | In a market economy, as profits increase, the number of suppliers and resources for making that good will increase. |
| Equilibrium price | The price at which the amount demanded is equal to the amount supplied. |
| Shortage | When the amount demanded is greater than the amount supplied. |
| Surplus | When the amount supplied is greater than the amount demanded. |
| The Invisible Hand | Adam Smith’s term for the natural self-regulation of a market economy driven by self-interest and efficiency. |
| The Role of Government in a Market Economy | Prevent Coercion and Fraud Provide money Provide basic transportation and communication Define property rights Enforce the exchange agreements |
| Laissez-faire | Policy in which there is little or no interference with exchange, trade, or market prices by the government. |
| Efficiency | A goal for economic systems to produce the most goods for the most people. |
| Equity | A goal for economic systems to distribute goods and reward fairly. |
| Freedom | A goal for economic systems to preserve the liberty of the people. |
| Efficient Economy | An economy in which all benefits are maximized to the point that one party cannot increase their benefits without decreasing the benefits of others. |
| Opportunity cost | The value of the best alternative not chosen. |
| The law of comparative advantage | Economic principle in which producers specialize in the production of goods where they have the lowest opportunity cost. Full employment of resources Widest possible gains from exchange Economic Interdependence |
| Three important functions to summarize the role of prices and profits in a market system | Prices ration scarce goods and valuable resources Prices and profits act as incentives to change the behavior of individuals and businesses Prices and profits send signals to households and businesses that influence their future plans. |
| Comparative Advantage | You’re going to specialize in one good because the opportunity cost is lower. |
| Taxation without representation | Rallying cry of the colonists during the revolutionary period because of the taxes placed on them by a Parliament in which they had no representation. |
| Tea Act | Legislation passed by the British government in 1773 disigned to give the British East India Company a monopoly on tea in the colonies. |
| Boston Tea Party | American Colonists protested the British tax on tea by dumping 342 crates of British tea into Boston harbor. |
| Committees of correspondence | Groups organized by local colonial governments for the purpose of coordination written communication with the other colonies. |
| Continental Congress | A body of representatives from British North American colonies who met to respond to England’s intolerable acts. They declared independence in Jully 1776 and later drafted the Articles of Confederation. |
| Declaration of Independence (from Britain and King George III) | Section I. The Opening Section II. Theoretical Core -states that we have God given rights and that we have the right to break away. - These truths are self-evident (men equal, unaliable rights, |
| Declaration of Independence (from Britain and King George III) continued | government to secure rights, institution and abolition of corrupt governments, Government receive power from consent of governed.. Section III. The Evidence -He has refused to.. (talking about King George) Section IV. Conclusion |
| Common Sense | A political tract written by Thomas Paine that helped convince colonists about the necessity to fight against Britain and to become independent. |
| Demigod | Being half human and half godlike, a trait sometimes wrongly attributed to the Founders. |
| Summary.. | Heroic efforts helped move the new nation out of the cycle of the human predicament. |
| Our Divided Political Heart- E.J. Dionne | This book is an effort to make sense of our current political unhappiness, to offer an explanation for why divisions in our politics run so deep, and to reflect on why we are arguing so much about our nation’s history and what it means. |
| The Real American Dream: A Meditation on Hope- Andrew Delbanco | -Analysis of Puritans |
| A Christian at his Calling- Cotton Mather | Every Christian ordinarily should have a calling. Purpose: to honor and give Glory to God. (ex. Of man with wheel barrel) Covenant Community- The republic is formed as a covenant for the purpose of gloryifing God. |
| A model of Christian Charity- John Winthrop | The body of Christ -Each person is part of the body of Christ Puritans to be a City upon a Hill -Members knit together by the ligaments of love -Governance through mutual consent |
| The American Crisis- Thomas Paine | Rally for all Americans to come forth and “put their shoulders to the wheel” to fight to protect the independence and freedom of America. |
| The Puritans | -being bound together in Covenant -Give up Natural Liberty -Live Gods law -Glorify His Kingdom -Community prospers as a result |
| The Greek Approach | -Participate in Civic affairs (in the political process) -Award the right honors to the right individuals -Cultivate civic virtue -Time and means to participate in the political life of the community |
| Libertarian Approach | -Freedom is highest end -Morality defined by individual -Minimalist state -No redistribution of wealth |
| Utilitarianism Approach | -The conditions to think rationally and clearly without utility. -Ability to calculate costs and benefits -Max. pleasure, min. pain -Greatest good -greatest number of people |
| Marin Luther | Catholic monk who challenged the idea that the church can actually intercede between God and man. -95 thesis -A person is saved through faith in Christ |
| Plato | Greek philosopher and author of The Republic, which extolled civic virtue and the necessity of arête. |
| King James 1 | English King who claimed political legitimacy through a divine right of kings. |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd president of the USA and principle author of the Declaration of Independence. |
| Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who discovered the Americas while searching for a new trade route to India. |
| Robert Brown | Writer and proponent of the Separatist movement that demanded separation from the church of England. Inspired the Pilgrims |
| John Calvin | French theologian during Protestant Reformation who greatly influenced Puritan beliefs. Taught that bible is final authority and that salvation comes through grace only (not works) -Gods elect, Christian calling, Moral self-governance, etc. |
| John Winthrop | Elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony before their departure from England and reelected many times. Known for “A Model of Christian Charity” in which he talks about how the colony would be a “city upon a hill” |
| John Locke | English philosopher whose Treaties of Government espousing natural rights, consent of the governed, and social compacts greatly influenced the Founding Fathers. Life, liberty, and property -Government failure means the |
| William of Orange | Acceded the throne with his wife Mary in 1689, and became William III of England. |
| Montesquieu | French political thinker who favored the British system of rule and lauded the idea of separation of powers |
| Adam Smith | Scottish philosopher and economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations. He is considered the father of modern economics. |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | Frenchman who wrote Democracy in America in which he explored the uniqueness of American character and its sources |
| Patrick Henry | Best known for his famous “Give me liberty or give me death.” Speech in the Virginia House of Burgesses, Henry was an Anti-federalist who pushed for a bill of rights to be added to the Constitution after its ratification. |
| Thomas Paine | English intellectual, scholar, revolutionary, deist and idealist, who spent much of his time in America and France. A radical pamphleteer, Paine helped foment the American Revolution through his powerful writings, most notable Common Sense. |
| Paul Revere | An American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution, Revere is well known for his role as a messenger in the battles of Lexington and Concord. He helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military. |
| George Washington | Led America’s Continental Army to victory over Britain in the Revolutionary War and was the first President of the US. Because of his central role in the founding of the United States, Washington is often called the “Father of his Country” |
| Oligarchy | A form of government where most or all political power effectively rests with a small segment of society, typically the most powerful. |
| Republican Problem | The question of how the benefits of self-government can be enjoyed without incurring its inherent problems. |
| Constitutional structure | The nature and arrangement of mechanisms in a constitution that organize the government |
| Constitutional drift | When power in the government does not remain where it was originally placed. |
| Confederation | Defensive alliance among sovereign equals |
| Articles of Confederation | Document outlining an alliance of sovereign, equal states in which there was a week central governing Continental Congress. |
| State Sovereignty | When ultimate political power resides in the state rather than the federal government. |
| Bicameral legislature | A legislature in which there are two separate divisions or houses. |
| Shays Rebellion | When Debt-ridden farmers in the western part of Massachusetts rose in open rebellion and shut down local courts in order to escape foreclosure. Was a motivating factor in creating a stronger federal government. |
| Virginia Plan | (Edmond Randolph introduces) Plan presented during the Constitutional Convention in which each state would have proportional representation in the Congress. *sovereignty in Nation -Nat. Judiciary, chosen by legislature -“council |
| New Jersey Plan | Plan presented during the Constitutional Convention in which each state would have equal representation in the Congress. (presented by William Paterson) *retain State Sovereignty |
| Hamilton’s British Plan | Bicameral legislature Executive (called by govr.) State govn. Appointed by nat. legislature |
| The Great Compromise | Proposed by Roger Sherman, it brought together the New Jersey and Virginia Plans by having the upper congressional house representation equal by state(Senate) and the lower house representation proportional by population (House of Rep.) |
| Federalism | Dividing powers between the national and state governments |
| Three Fifths compromise | Part of the compromise on slavery, where 3 out of every 5 slaves were counted as part of state population for taxation and representation. (compromise also includes 1) slave trade could not be abolished for 20 years, and 2) fugitive slaves were to be ret |
| Auxiliary Precautions | Structure in the government to make it more difficult for power to become concentrated in any one group’s hands, seen by the Founders as a backup system to virtue. Madison talks about this in Federalist 51) |
| Constitutional Mechanism | Part of the Constitution that help organize and control power. |
| Indirect election | When government officials are elected by previously chosen representatives, and not directly by the people. |
| Hume’s filter or filters of consent | When the people select the most virtuous representatives, who in turn select even more virtuous government officials. |
| Enumeration | The written listing of the powers of government. |
| Bicameral legislature | When the lower house represents the people as a whole and be responsive to their desires. The upper house, representing states, would be far distanced. |
| Three Structural Devices | Bicameral Legislature Indirect Election Enumeration |
| Separation of Powers | Dividing powers of government between the three branches |
| Checks and Balances | Bridging the separation of powers between branches of government by placing part of each power within two separate branches. |
| Faction | A group of individuals who share the same specific political agenda. |
| Counterpoise | A force, influence, or weight that counterbalances another, like the roles of prosecutor and defense attorney in a trial. (Federalist 10 and 51) |
| Supermajority | A specified majority of voters. In the ratification of the Constitution almost 70% (9 of 13) of the states was required. |
| Anti-Federalists | Political group that was against the ratification of the Constitution |
| Federalists | A political group that was for the ratification of the Constitution |
| The Federalist | Series of essays publishe din New York newspapers under the pseudonym Publius for the express purpose of gaining support for ratification of the constitution. |
| Argument against a Bill of Rights | States already had bills of rights- it was unneeded Enumerating rights was very difficult Enforcing rights was very difficult |
| Arguments for a Bill of Rights | The Federalists promised during Ratification debate A rather large, powerful central government was just created Could not hurt to enumerate things the government cannot do (especially in the shadow of King George) |
| Civil Rights | Rights defined using narrow concrete language, full of specific terms and qualifiers. |
| The Great Oughts | Natural rights that don’t proclaim an “is” so much as an “ought” about the world.. the way things “should” be Freedom of conscience Freedom of expression Right to privacy *Are very vague |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | Laws passed by Congress in 1798 to try and stifle the “seditious” writings of French propagandists against the neutrality of the United States with regards to the French and British War. |
| Marbury v. Madison | Supreme court case in which judicial review was established. John Adams->Marbury M-Marbury M-Midnight appointments M-Madison M-marshal (supreme court justice) M-writ of Mandamus (ordering to give commission) |
| Judicial Review | Ability of Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws. |
| Original Jurisdiction | The authority of a court to hear certain kinds of cases first instead of waiting for those cases to be tried in a lower court |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | Cogressional act passed in 1789 to form the federal court system and to authorize writs of mandamus. |
| Lame Duck | The time between the election of a new political official and when they take office. Refers specifically to the outgoing officials frequent lack of influence or power during that period. |
| Midnight appointments | Judiciary appointments of federalist judges made by Federalist Prs. John Adams shortly before he left office, in response to the Democratic-Republican victory in the Congress and Presidency. |
| Willian Marbury | A ‘midnight appointment’ made by Jon Adams, Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for delivery of his commission, which was being withheld by order of President Jefferson. |
| Writ of mandamus | A court document forcing an action by a certain party |
| Loyal opposition | When losers in the political game continue to support the system, even when the system is against their ideology. |
| Federalist Party | Political party founded by Hamilton and john Adams that envisioned a great Western empire with a strong federal government and a broad interpretation of Constitutional powers. |
| Democratic-republican Party | Political party led by Jefferson and Madison that championed a society of self-reliant individuals to protect rights, a smaller federal government, and a narrow and strict interpretation of the constitution. |
| Original consent | Giving consent to a provision or law the first time, such as the ratification of the constitution. |
| Periodic consent | Giving continuing consent at certain intervals (through means such as elections) to a provision or law to which original consent has already been given. |
| Filtered consent | When the selection of government officials is distanced from direct election by the people in order to protect against mob rule and public whim. Indirect election Time between elections Size of representative regions |
| Electoral college | The group of electors selected by the people who are responsible for the selection of the president. Number of electors= the sum of senate + representation from each state -if there is no majority the house of rep. decides, each state allowed one vote. |
| Majority | Receiving more than 50% of the votes |
| Plurality | Receiving the largest percentage of the votes |
| Single representative districts | Representational structure where each geographical region elects its one representative independent of outcomes in other regions. |
| Proportional representation | Party representation in the legislative body is closely tied to the national or regional vote of that party. |
| Ordinance of 1784 | Plan of Thomas Jefferson to organize the national domain into discrete territories along with a three stage development of government institutions. |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Called for the systematic survey of the Northwest Territory and division into mile-square plots and organization into townships. |
| Northwest Territory | Lands north of the Ohio River. |
| Northwest ordinance of 1787 | Called for the governmental development of the west based on creating self governing republics that woulod be systematically added to the Union |
| Louisiana Purchase | Land purchased by Thomas Jefferson from France. Consists of much of the Midwest United States. |
| Public togetherness | Aspect of party politics in which groups of political party members would gather together in order to have more solidarity and support |
| Party newspaper | A journal used by a political party for disseminating party information to and encouraging more acgtive participation among the grass roots voters. |
| Popular campaigning | Promoting candidates as being from (and representing) the common masses, rather than as elite gentlemen-politicians. |
| Political convention | Large meeting of party delegates for the purpose of nominating candidates, often held with much pomp and ballyhoo. |
| Get out the vote activity | Aspect of party politics in which voters are systematically rounded up and helped to get to the polling place. |
| Political machine | Group of party loyalists organized to deliver the vote on election day. Historically they often used questionable or illegal means such as buying votes or intimidation at the polls. |
| Confederacy | Alliance of southern states that seceded from the Union over slavery. |
| Antietam | A severe Civil War battle that took place on September 17, 1862. It was the bloodiest day in American history. After the battle Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. |
| Secession | Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation. |
| Faction | A group of individuals who share the same specific political agenda |
| Factionalism | When a city state or nation has multiple factions that compete against each other. Madison felt that an extended republic would prevent factionalism from leading to tyranny because no faction could be large enough to dominate. |
| Sectionalism | Factionalism on a larger more regional scale, with fewer but larger factions. Sectionalsim during the 1800s over the slavery issue nullified the benefits of Madisons extended republic and let to the Civil War. |
| Missouri Compromise | 1820 agreement between slavery and anti slavery factions in the United Staates that regulated slavery in western territories, prohibiting slavery above the border of Arkansas (except Missouri) and permitting it south of that border. |
| Republican Party | Political party that stems from the controversy over slavery it was dedicated to keeping future territories and states from slavery. |
| Article ! | Legislative branch (senate=cold house, house of representatives= hot house, close to people.) -Congress has power to lay and collect taxes |
| Article 2 | -Power vested in a President of the United States -President is Commander in Chief of Army and Navy -Must give to congress information of the State of the Union -All civil officers, pres and vp, shall be removed from Office on impeachment on conviction |
| Article 3 | Judicial Branch -Power vested in one supreme Court, and other inferior Courts -All cases under the constitution -Punishment of Treason |
| Article 4 | The States -Full faith and Credit given to each State -The citizens of each state shall be entitles to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States -New states may be admitted but none formed or erected within existing states |
| Article 5 | Amendments -When two thirds of congress (both houses) shall deem necessary shall propose Amendments to constitution. (3/4 to ratify it) |
| Article 6 | Supremacy Clause -Constitution is supreme law -debts |
| Article 7 | Ratification -9 of 13 states must vote for it. |
| Amendment 1 | RASPP (right to religion, assembly, speech, petition) |
| Amendment 2 | Right to bear arms |
| Amendment 3 | Quartering act |
| Amendment 4 | Search and Seizure (warrant) |
| Amendment 5 | Remain silent, no double jeopardy, due process |
| Amendment 6 | Speedy trial, right to lawyer |
| Amendment 7 | Right to jury |
| Amendment 8 | Cruel and unusual punishment, excessive fines |
| Amendment 9 | Things left out given to states |
| Amendment 10 | Give back to the state |
| Amendment 12 | Pres. And Vice Pres. On same ballot (changed how they were elected) |
| Amendment 13 | Abolishment of slavery |
| Amendment 14 | Defines citizenship and overturns three-fifth compromise for slaves, repudiated Confederate debt, and prohibited Confederate leaders from holding public office. (changes balance of federalism) |
| Amendment 15 | All male citizens are granted the right to vote. |
| Amendment 16 | Power to lay and collect taxes |
| Amendment 17 | Senate= two senators from each state for 6 years |
| Amendment 18 | Prohibition of alcohol |
| Amendment 19 | Right to vote not denied on account of sex |
| Amendment 20 | Terms for President and vice President |
| Amendment 21 | 18th repealed |
| Amendment 22 | No person elected to Pres. More than twice |
| Amendment 23 | Electoral college |
| Amendment 24 | Right to vote not denied by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax |
| Amendment 25 | Vice President becomes Pres. Upon death of Pres. |
| Federalist 10 | Madison (Factions) Argues for the U.S. Const. ratification. Madison argues for a strong, large republic/controlling government. -Brutus says that factions will cause gridlock |
| Federalist 51 | Madison Structural devices (how to control the factions in Fed #10) -Checks and balances separation of powers w/in National govrn. -“ambition must be made to counteract ambition” -“if men were angels, no need of government.” |
| Federalist 78 | Hamilton-The necessity of Federal Judicature-Judiciary is least dangerous to political rights of const. Does not exercise force or will-Weakest power-requires a lot to defend itself against attacks-Courts intermediate body between people and legislature |
| Federalist 84 (publius) | Hamilton Against a Bill of Rights -The constitution already is a bill of rights -factions will protect us. -could possibly be dangerous *Why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do? |
| Brutus I | Against large federal Government. Ratifying constitution. -The government to possess absolute and uncontrollable power -History furnishes no example of a free republic -Problem of |
| Brutus II | For a Bill of Rights -Government too far away from the people. |
| James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic. | By Jack Rakove -Ch. 5-> Madison’s preparation to the constitutional convention -drew on the Scottish philosopher and historian, David Hume. -Ch. 6-> His role in the Convention itself -Note taker -Emend Randolph to present Pl |
| Letter to James Madison | By Thomas Jefferson -For a federal government and the constitution -did not like the omission of the bill of rights, and the lack of rotation in office. |
| What the Framers couldn’t know part 1 | By Robert Dahl -Founding fathers limited by their profound ignorance. -continuing revolution and new democratic political institutions would fundamentally alter and reconstruct the framework so carefully designed. |
| What the Framers couldn’t know part 2 | -Were crucially limited by the opportunities available to them. -fell short on requirements that later generations would find necessary. (ex. Slavery, suffrage, election of pres. etc.) -Madison’s change of stance as he becomes old |
| Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments | -has same format as Dec. of Independence. -Women demanding suffrage. |
| What to the slave is the fourth of July | By Frederick Douglass -“the fourth of July is yours, not mine.” -talks on slavery and the hypocrite view in Dec. of Indep. |
| Why Civil war still Matters part 1 | By James mcpherson -Reasons for intense interest in Civil War today 1) Sheer size of conflict (2 percent of Am. Killed) 2) larger than life, near mythical individuals (on both sides) Parallels between 1960’s and 1860’s |
| Why Civil war still Matters part 2 | Before 1861 the words “United States” were a plural noun. After it was a singular noun. The U.S. is now a world power. Meaning of liberty (British philosopher Isaiah Berlin) |
| Negative Liberty | Freedom from government |
| Positive Liberty | Freedom to government |
| 1st Constitutional failure | Madison’s large republic- factionalism becomes sectionalized |
| 2nd Constitutional failure | Federalism- Northern States “The Union” and Southern States “The Confederacy” |
| 3rd Constitutional failure | Separation of powers/checks and balances- sectionalism meant that the south had no confidence in constitutional structure. |
| 4th Constitutional failure | Political Process- Stephen Douglas’s “popular sovereignty”: allow each state to vote on slavery. (bleeding Kansas, going to other states to vote, etc) |
| 5th Constitutional failure | Supreme Court- Dred Scott vs. Sanford. |
| 6th Constitutional failure | Presidency- until 1860, most presidents still relied heavily on Southern support. Surprisingly “dance to middle” wasn’t what secured votes. |
| Judicial Review | Ability of Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws |
| John Adams | Founding Father and proponent of a bicameral legislature, Adams served as the second President of the United States |
| James Madison | Fourth President of the United States and Founding Father, often called the “Father of the Constitution” He co-authored The Federalist with Hamilton and Jay, and helped Jefferson create the Democratic-Republican Party. |
| Governor Morris | Pennsylvania representative at the Constitutional Convention, and is credited with authoring large sections of the constitution, including the Preamble. |
| Charles Pinckney | South Carolina representative at the Constitutional Convention. A strong promoter of Federalism and helped persuade ratification of the Constitution in South Carolina. |
| George Mason | Virginia representative at Constitutional Convention. Refused to sign the constitution because it did not contain a declaration of rights. |
| Roger Sherman | Proposed the great compromise of one legislative house having proportional representation while the other had equal representation. |
| Benjamin Franklin | Helped secure France as an ally during the Revolutionary War. |
| James Wilson | A primary framer of the Constitution who proposed the three fifths compromise for slave representation and election of President by the people. |
| Samuel Adams | Massachusetts statesman and organizer of the Boston Tea Party. Adams served in the Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence, but was opposed to a strong federal government. |
| Alaxander Hamilton | Served as first Secretary of the Treasury under Washington and founded the Federalist Party. He also co-wrote The Federalist and championed a strong central government. |
| Edmund Randolph | Governor of Virginia and delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Proposed Madison’s Virginia Plan but ultimately refused to sign the Constitution in Philadelphia because it had no bill of rights. |
| John Jay | A Founding Father, served as a President of the Continental Congress, co-wrote the Federalist and served as the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court |
| Thomas Jefferson | Third Pres. Of the United States and principal author of the declaration of independence and an influential founding father. He founded the Democratic-republican party and promoted the idea of a small federal government. |
| Napolean Bonaparte | French Emperor and European conqueror who sold Frances North Amercian holdings to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase. |
| Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States, Jackson championed the U.S. as a democracy, pushing for more political involvement by the common man. He also vetoed the U.S Bank’s charter and made other reforms to keep the federal government small. |
| John Quincy Adams | 6th President of the U.S. and is known for formulating the Monroe doctrine. |
| Daniel Webster | A leading American statesman and senator during the Pre-Civil War |
| Henry Clay | American statesman and congressman who founded the Whig party. |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | American historian who studied and wrote about the American experience and what made it unique. |
| Robert E. Lee | Confederate general and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War. After surrendering at Appomattox on April 9, 1865, Lee urged reconciliation with the North. |
| George B. McClellan | Union General who failed to press his advantage at the Battle of Antietam, and was later relieved of his command by President Lincoln. |
| Stephen A. Douglass | An Illinois statesman who ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Breckinridge in the 1860 election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery, also authored the Kansas-Nebraska act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate. |
| John Brown | A controversial abolitionist who tried to start a slave rebellion and used sometimes violent guerilla tactics in fighting against the institution of slavery. |
| Dred Scott | Slave who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom because he lived with owner in states where slavery was illegal. The ruling determined that slaves were property.Couldn’t be freed by state laws. Ruling essentially nullified the Missouri Compromise. Civil War |
| Roger B. Taney | Fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Taney ruled in Dred Scott v. Sanford that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. |
| John Breckinridge | A Senator from Kentucky and the fourteenth Vice President of the United States, Breckinridge ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Douglas in the 1860 Presidential election on an extreme pro slavery platform. |
| John Bell | Wealthy slave-owner from Tennessee who served in both the House and the Senate, Bell ran for President with no firm stand on slavery. (must keep Union together) |
| Abraham Lincoln | The 16th Pres. Of the united states who sought to end slavery and preserve the Union. He signed the Emancipation Proclamation and delivered his famous Gettysburg Address. |
| Jerry Rubin, a Yippie Manifesto | “Abandon the Creepy meatball” –Don’t conform Freedom is what you want it to be Drop out of Universities Vietnam War sucks! We are brainwashed, China hates us Old people shouldn’t be able to vote, they are too set in their ways. Oppose everything |
| Malcolm X, The Ballet or the Bullet | Take arms against your oppressors “We don’t intend to turn the other cheek any longer” Defend yourselves, don’t just go nuts Quotes Patrick Henry “Give me liberty, or give me death” |
| *Justice Brown’s view on Plessy vs. Ferguson | It’s inconsistent to be separate but equal |
| I Have a Dream, MLK The Golden Age of the Middle Class | The middle class becomes more prevalent The suburbs Information about the middle class in the 50’s and 60’s Before there was rich and poor, and now there is a middle class |
| Andrew Carnegie | Spend your money while alive, benefit the community |
| Hoover, Economic Freedom | We should have the right to spend money |
| The Rugged Individual | The Government is like an umpire, only interfere when things are out of control |
| A Second Bill of Rights, Roosevelt | The Bill of Rights does not give us enough equality True individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. |
| 2nd BoR continued | The right to work-the right to provide for yourself-The right for farmers to produce eough for them to make a living-The right of every business man to trade in an atmosphere of freedom (No comp. or monopoly)-Good edu.-The right to not be afraid |
| 2nd BoR continued 2 | THE RIGHT TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN YOUR OWN SPHERE!!!! IT IS YOUR OBLIGATION TO SERVE YOUR COUNTRY IN TIME OF NEED |
| Four Freedoms, FDR | Freedom from want Freedom from Fear There are more rights than listed in the Bill of Rights |
| Roosevelt’s First Inaugural speech | Only thing we have to fear is fear itself The Government is like an umpire, only interfere when things are out of control |
| The New Freedom, Woodrow Wilson | The constitution should grow with the people Constitution should continue to be updatedBefore people followed rules, people are becoming more independent Government intervention is good Should be able to step in and help people |
| Things that helped destroy Political Machines | 17th amendment was ratified so political machines are taken down Initiative -People take initiative to come up with legislation-Referendum, Recall,19th amendment helped fight political machines Prohibition helped fight political machines |
| Referendum | When an act or a measure is sent to the people to vote on |
| Recall | -People can petition to remove someone from a political office |
| Woodrow Wilson, Address to the Jefferson Club of LA | Political Machines stink. They buy votes. Find a way to make political machines less powerful |
| What Social Classes owe to each other-William Graham Sumner | Am I my brother’s keeper? Everyone for themselves, he doesn’t like the role of gov. We owe it to each other to secure each other’s rights But we are not obligated to make everyone equal |
| APSA Task Force | A survey about the power in gov. , poor people, rich people Rich people are more involved with politics than poor people Rich people get what they want- success |
| Jumping the Queue | Jumping the Queue Line cutting for money Would you pay extra at theme parks to cut lines The market economy doesn’t always distribute goods in the right way This makes the rich get what they want, while the poor suffer |
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