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7thgradeBioTest7

Simple Genetics

QuestionAnswer
Grasshopper sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as their body cells. true
Grasshopper body cells have half the number of chromosomes as their sex cells. false
Grasshopper body and sex cells have the same number chromosomes. false
When grasshopper sex cells join, the fertilized egg has the same number of chromosomes as the body cells of the parents. true
What is meiosis? The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells.
During meiosis, the two allels for each gene stay together. false
How many pairs of chromosomes do human body cells contain? 23 pairs of chromosomes
How many chromosomes do human body cells contain? 46 chromosomes
How are the genes lined up in a pair of chromosomes? In the same order.
Genes control the production of proteins in an organism's cells. true
Proteins help determine the size, shape, and other traits of an organism. true
What four nitrogen bases is a DNA molecule made up of? Adenine, A; thymine, T; guanine, G; and cytosine, C.
What are proteins made on in the cytoplasm of a cell? a ribosome
allele The different forms of a gene.
chromosome A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
dominant allele An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
gene The set of information that controls a trait; a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.
genetics The scientific study of heredity.
genotype An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations
heterozygous Having two different alleles for a trait.
homozygous Having two identical alleles for a trait.
hybrid An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait.
meiosis The process that occurs in the formation of sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.
mutation A change in a gene or chromosome
phenotype An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits.
probability A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.
Punnett square A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
purebred The offspring of many generations that have the same traits.
recessive allele An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.
trait A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
heredity The passing of genes from parents to offspring,
Who is know as the father of genetics? Gregor Mendel
How many genes are there per trait in simple genetics? one gene per trait
What is another name for a Punnett Square? a test cross
What can be used to predict the probability that a trait will pass from parents to offspring? diagrams and math
How many base pairs are genes usually made up of? usually 100s to 1000s
What are chromosomes made up of? DNA and protein
How many genes does each cell contain? somewhere between 20000 and 30000
How many chromosomes do most human cells have? 46, 23 from each parent
What is asexual reproduction basically? cloning
gametes sex cells, sperm and egg
What is the genetic code? The order of the nitrogen bases.
What does one group of three nitrogen bases code for? one protein
During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from what on a chromosome to produce a specific protein? gene
What are proteins made on? ribosomes
What nitrogen base is replaced on RNA? thymine
What is thymine replaced by on RNA? uracil
What are the two types of RNA? Messenger and transfer RNA
What is messenger RNA's job? To copy the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus and carry the message to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
What is transfer RNA's job? To carry amino acids to the ribosome add them to the growing protein chain.
What is the first step in protein synthesis? The DNA "unzips" to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA.
What is the last step in protein synthesis? The protein chain grows longer as each transfer RNA molecule adds an amino acid.
What is a mutation? Any change in a gene or chromosome?
How can mutations affect protein synthesis? An organism's trait ,or phenotype, may be different form what it normally would have been.
Cells with mutations will always make normal proteins. false
Some mutations occur when one nitrogen base is substituted for another true
Some mutations occur when don't separate correctly during meiosis. true
Mutations can be a source of genetic what? variety
Mutations that occur in a body cell can be passed on to an offspring. false
All mutations are harmful? false
What do helpful mutations do? Improve an organism's chances for survival.
Whether a mutation's harmful or helpful partly depends on an organism's what? environment
Gregor Mendel experimented with hundreds of pea plants to understand the process of what? heredity
Where are the female sex cells produced in a flower? the pistil
Where is pollen, containing male sex cells, produced? the stamen
Recessive alleles are never present when dominant alleles are present. false
Recessive alleles hide dominant alleles. false
Only pea plants with two recessive alleles will for short stems will be short. true
What is a dominant allele represented by? a capital letter
What is a recessive allele represented by? a lowercase letter
Some scientists during Mendel's time thought he should be called the father of genetics. false
When Mendel crossed two hybrid plants for stem height, what results did he always get? 3/4 tall stems, 1/4 short stems
PHenotype organism's PHysical trait
GENotype organism's GENe makeup
codominance When the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive.
chrom color
fili thread
gen birth, production, formation
heli sun
mono one, single
mut change
poly many
script write
tion state, quality
trans across
volu bend, curve, turn, twist
zygo pair
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