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biology exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Over the long run, mutations are important to evolution because | they are the original source of genetic variation |
| The genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations, compared with that of other individuals in the population, is known as | fitness |
| The frequency of a particular allele within a population can be changed, over time, by | selection. |
| all of the alleles of genes within a population. | gene pool |
| What is the definition of biological evolution that scientists use | hrough time, species accumulate differences; as a result, descendants differ from their ancestors. In this way, new species arise from existting ones. |
| Which of the following is not required for evolution by natural selection | sexual reproduction |
| Which of the following would be expected to produce the smallest evolutionary change in a given period of time in a population of birds | mutation |
| the lack of change in a genotype | Hardy Weinberg |
| Which of the following would be expected to produce the largest evolutionary change in a given period of time in a population of birds | migration |
| presence in a population of more than one allele of a gene at a frequency greater than arising mutation | polymorphism |
| a type of non random mating in which phenotypically similar individuals mate more frequently | assortative mating |
| Phenotypically different individuals mating | disassortative mating |
| random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time by chance | genetic drift |
| rare alleles and combinations of alleles may be enhanced by new populations | founder effect |
| a loss of genetic variability that occurs when a population is reduced drastically by size | bottleneck effect |
| Assortative and disassortative mating are similar in that both | change only the expected Hardy- Weinberg genotype frequencies in a population |
| Compared with Hardy-Weinberg predictions, populations that have practiced assortative mating have | more homozygotes. |
| Which of the following changes over the past 50 years is probably having the most effect on changing (increasing or decreasing) human evolution rates | increased migration between populations |
| In order for natural selection to occur within a population, certain conditions must be met. One such condition is | phenotypic variations that are genetic. |
| The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions for populations of organisms result in | no evolutionary changes |
| Which of the following is not a cause of changes in the genetic structure of population? | random mating |
| The several hundred species of picture-winged fruit flies of the Hawaiian Islands are genetically very similar, yet they all differ markedly from their ancestral population in Asia. This is probably an example of | founder effect. |
| The California populations of the Northern elephant seal are descendants from a very small population of seals that was over-hunted in the 1890s. Heterozygosity in this population would be expected to be ________ due to | slight, bottleneck effect |
| Both extremes of an array of phenotypes are favored | disruptive selection |
| Cheetahs have been through a genetic bottleneck; evidence for this is that | there is very little genetic variability |
| the frequency of a particular allele within a population can be changed over time by | selection |
| When selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes it is called | directional selection |
| evolutionary forces | non random(assortative) mating, mutation, gene flow, small population size, selection |
| type of selection that depends on how frequently or infrequently a phenotype occurs in a population | frequency-dependent selection, rare are preyed on, common aren't |
| selection alternately favors one phenotype at one time and a different phenotype another time, drought conditions vs wet conditions | oscillating selection, finches with big bills can eat large seeds in drought and finches with small bills can eat small seeds |
| The situation in which individual heterozygous for a trait have a selective advantage of those who are homozygous, sickle cell | heterozygote advantage |
| selection acts to eliminate intermediate types | disruptive selection |
| when selection eliminates both extremes | stabilizing selection |
| favors an array of phenotypes | disruptive selction |
| when something has stabilized and it cannot be improved upon | pleiotropy, variation and epistasis |
| About 80% of the alleles present in thoroughbred horses can be dated back to 31 known ancestors from the late eighteenth century. As a result, one would expect | little variation in physiology and behavior |
| shifts mean | directional selection |
| reduces extremes | stabilizing selection |
| random change in genes | mutation |
| divides poputlation | disruptive selection |
| starter population | founder effect |
| drop in population | bottleneck |
| keeps both alleles within population | heterozygote advantage |
| individuals move into a population | gene flow |
| select against most common | negative frequency dependent selection |
| likelihood of passing on your genes | fitness |
| mating with closely related relatives | inbreeding |
| males competing with each other for females | sexual selection |
| Which of the following is not a cause of changes in the genetic structure of population | random mating |
| Suppose that females of a species of beetles prefer to mate with males that have relatively rare color patterns. This observation would be an illustration of | frequency dependent selection |
| In a West African finch species, birds with large or small bills survive better than birds with intermediate-sized bills. The type of natural selection operating on these bird populations is _______ selection | disruptive |
| Which of the following is not important to the concept of natural selection, but does factor into artificial selection? | phenotypic variation of a species has variable interest in that species |
| Non-functional structures left over from an organism’s evolutionary past | vestigial structures |
| An underlying feature of scientific inquiry is the _____. | assumption of natural casualty |
| The wings of birds and butterflies are examples of structures that resemble each other and have similar function, but are the result of parallel evolution in separate lineages. These structures are called | analogous structures |
| Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds | feathers |
| species whose members can mate and make fertile offspring | biological species concept |
| species whose members do not mate and cannot produce fertile offspring | reproductively isolated |
| continual improvement of pre zygotic isolating mechanisms until the two populations are completely isolated | reinforcement |
| sympatric type where individuals produce more than two sets of chromosomes | polyploidy |
| When species are kept separate by preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes, the mechanism that keeps the species separate is known as a _____________ isolating mechanism | prezygotic |
| plants | |
| A group of closely related species that have recent evolved from a common ancestor by occupying different parts of a habitat is an example of | adaptive radiation |
| burst of speciation to fill empty niches | adaptive radiation |
| species formation in one location | sympatric speciation |
| doubling of chromosome number | polyploidy |
| geographic separation of populations | allopatric speciation |
| incompatible sex organs | mechanical isolation |
| using different habitats | ecological isolation |
| mules | hybrid sterility |
| after mating isolation | postzygotic |
| reproductively isolated groups of similar organisms | biological species concept |
| sudden change | punctuated equilibrium |
| many transitional forms | gradual |
| the evolution of several divergent forms from a primitive and unspecialized ancestor | adaptive radiation |
| The diversity of cichlids in Lake Victoria appears to be due to | second set of jaws |
| evolutionary tree | Phylogeny |
| Adaptive radiation is likely to produce several to many | species clusters |
| all members of a group that share a common ancestor that is included in that group | Monophyletic |
| derived character states shared by clade members | synapamorphies |
| species that share a common ancestor are part of a | clade |
| most recent common ancestors of the group but not all descendants | paraphyletic |
| does not include the most recent common ancestors of all members of the group | polyphyletic |
| shared character that has not been inherited from a common ancestor exhibiting that character state | homoplasy |
| The most useful characters for determining phylogenetic relationships are synapomorphies, best described as | shared derived characters |
| Character displacement is most similar in mechanism and outcome to | disruptive selection |
| the evolution of similar forms in different lineages when exposed to the same selective pressures | convergent evolution |
| Why is the presence of wings not used to determine the phylogeny of mammals and birds | not homologous trait |
| The presence of wings in both birds and mammals would be an example of a | homoplasy |
| Which of the following features are common to both moss leaves and true leaves | chlorophyll a and b |
| chlophytes and charophytes | green algae |
| closest living ancestors of the first land plants, nonvascular plants, liverworts, mosses, hornworts | byrophytes |
| most abundant group of seedless vascular plants | ferns |
| specialized cells that facilitate the transport of water and minerals | thracheids |
| flowering plants, ovules are completely enclosed by tissue | angiosperms |
| which is not a characteristic of green plants | aquatic |
| common ancestor of all terrestrial plants | green algae |
| Which of the following was a key innovation specifically involved in the evolution of large trees like giant redwoods | vascular tissues |
| specialized cells found in the shoot and root apices, as well as other parts of the plant | meristems |
| one cell protective layer | epidermis |
| Which of the following does not function as a site of active cell division | parachyma meristem |
| Which of the following consists of dead cells with thick cells walls, that are primarily used to support the plant | sclerenchyma |
| space between two guard cells that regulate the size of the opening | stoma |
| cellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis | Trichomes |
| tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells | root hairs |
| most common type of plant cells, large vacuoles and thin walls | parenchyma |
| living protoplasts, longer than wide, thickness varies | collenchyma |
| tough thick walls with secondary wall containing lignin | sclerenchyma |
| principal water conducting tissue of plants | xylem |
| principle food conducting tissue in vascular plants | phloem |
| ____ are used to allow gas exchange in leaves whereas _____ are used to maximize water uptake in roo | stomata, root hairs |
| The endodermis is found in the ____ and is used to regulate ______ . | root, water & nutrient transport into the plant |
| The functional equivalent of arteries and veins in plants are | xylem and phloem |
| where does the primary growth in plants originate | apical meristems |
| In plants with only primary growth, the epidermis is not | covered with bark |
| Which of the following cell types is not designed for transport | SCLERENCHYMA |
| Plant cells that give rise to two cells, one of which is free to differentiate into various kinds of cells that contribute to the plant body, are called | merestematic cells |
| What is the function of the Casparian strip in the ro | It is an internal water-proofed layer that prevents water and minerals from moving through intercellular spaces on their way to the vascular tissue |
| during growth cells dived and continually add more cells to the tip | Apical meristems |
| contributes to the outer bark of the tree | cork cambium |
| produces secondary vascular tissue | vascular cambium |
| the waxy layer between endodermal cells | Casparian cells |
| Most of the water that evaporates from leaves passes out through the | stomata |
| To initiate stomatal opening, K+ ions | passively diffuse into guard cells |
| movement through cell walls and and the space between cell walls | apoplast route |
| the continuum of cytoplasms between cells connected by plasmodesmata | symplast route |
| what causes the stomata to open and close | turgor pressure |
| according to the pressure flow model, during fruit development photosynthesizing leaves are the _______ and the fruit are the _______ | source, sink |
| water tends to move into a cell that has a | more negative water potential than its surroundings |
| which of the following affects stomatal opening and closing | abscisic acid levels 2. Light levels 3. Water levels 4. CO2 levels 5. Temperature |
| in which of the following conditions do plants close their stomata? | water stress |
| when sugars are actively transported into a cell, what happens to the turgor pressure inside that cell? | it increases, because water enters and affects turgor pressure |
| moving h2O between cells | apoplast route |
| helps draw water into roots | root pressure |
| moving h2O through plasmodesmata | symplast route |
| moving H2O across vacuoles | transmembrane route |
| contains suberin, controls H2O entry | Casparian strip |
| rachids and vessel elements | xylem |
| H2O required in leaves for | photosynthesis |
| water droplets on edges of leaves | Guttation |
| which of the following is part of the apoplast | cell wall |
| the movement of water up the stems of tall plants is least dependent on which of the following facto | root pressure |
| which process makes the water potential in a leaf more negative? | the evaporation of water from mesophyll cells |
| which of the following is true regarding transport in phloem? | transport in phloem is from source tissue to sink tissue |
| which of the following is true of both xylem transport and phloem transport? | both rely on a gradient of water potential |
| pollen bearing portion of the stamen | Anther |
| specialized structure that bear the angiosperm microsporangia | stamen |
| if a stem is cut, what will occur if the xylem sap is under tension? | air will be pulled into the xylem |
| production of seed without fertilization | apmixis |
| the frequency of a particular allele within a population can be changed, over time, by | selection |
| which of the following is a male part of the angiosperm flower? | anther |
| during fertilization, the pollen tube moves through the _____ to reach the egg. | style |
| ageneral trend of angiosperm flower evolution is towards more | animal pollination |
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