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American Government
Glossary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Groups that are created primarily to support or oppose candidates for elective office, although they are not allowed to coordinate their activities with a specific candidate or political party. Also called "issue advocacy groups". | 527 organizations |
| those committed to brining an end to the practice of slavery. | Abolitionists |
| the standard established by the Supreme Court in New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) for libel cases. | Actual malice standard |
| are tax-exempt and regulated by the U.S. tax code (rather than the Federal ELection Commission) under Title 26, Section 527. | 527 organizations |
| The standard requires public figures who sue press outlets for defamation character to prove that the news source intended "actual malice." | Actual malice standard |
| This standard was established by the Supreme Court suggested that malice refers to knowledge of falsity and reckless disregard for the truth. | Actual malice standard |
| a range of policies aimed at promoting equality of outcome by providing expanded educational employment opportunities for members of a previously disadvantaged group. | Affirmative action |
| the process of getting issues on the political agenda, or those issues to which the public and decision-makers are paying attention and on which there is active political debate. | Agenda setting |
| a type of brief filed by a "friend of the court" or someone who is not directly involved in the case at hand. | Amicus curiae |
| Interest groups often file this type of brief to provide information to the Court to assist in its decision-making process. | Amicus curiae |
| a pardon that is issued to a group of people who are not in compliance with the law. | Amnesty |
| the power to review cases originally heard in a lower court. | Appellate jurisdiction (The Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdiction). |
| the practice of presidential nominees selecting a running mate who broadens the public appeal of the campaign. | Balancing the ticket |
| composed of two chambers. | Bicameral (A bicameral legislature has two houses). |
| the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution containing the civil liberty guarantees to the states and individuals. | Bill of Rights |
| federal funding given to states to spend on general programs and services, with very few restrictions. | Block grant |
| radio and television | Broadcast media |
| a set of structures and procedures used by government (or other large organizations) to administer policies and programs. | Bureaucracy |
| federal funding given to state and local governments for narrow purposes specified by the federal government. | Categorical grant |
| a local meeting of party members in which the party's nominee is selected. | Caucus |
| acts passed by Congress to prohibit discrimination in public facilities and accommodations. | Civil Rights Act of 1875 |
| a type of primary election in which voters are required to be registered with a political party in order to participate in voting for that party's nominees. | Closed primary |
| a legislative procedure used in the Senate to bring an end to debate. It requires 60 votes to invoke cloture and end a filibuster. | Cloture |
| a situation faced by groups attempting to coordinate the activities and efforts of membership. | Collective action problem |
| The group's goals are best achieved if everyone participates, but the interests of each individual member are best served by free-riding, or relying on the efforts of the group without contributing to its work. | Collective action problem |
| a group of members of Congress assigned to consider proposed legislation in a given jurisdiction and make recommendations to the full chamber. | Committee |
| an opinion that agrees with the conclusion, but not the reasoning, of the majority opinion of the Court. | Concurring opinion |
| the government established by the 11 Southern states that seceded from the United States during the Civil War. | Confederacy |
| an alliance of sovereign states united for common objectives. | Confederation |
| a temporary committee composed of members from both the House and the Senate responsible for working out the differences between chamber versions of a bill. | Conference coommittee |
| a framework that outlines the structure and powers of government. | Constitution |
| culturally acceptable political activity that communicates preferences through established institutions. | Conventional participation |
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