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Ap Chap 16
The Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to____ | cortisol |
| how do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? | by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure |
| hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because___ | during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes |
| chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called___ | hormones |
| sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ___ | down-regulation |
| adh____ | is inhibited by alcohol |
| the neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because___ | it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from hypothalamus for release |
| cellular responses to hormones that initiate second messenger systems include___ | possible activation of several different second messenger systems |
| which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? | epinephrine |
| the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presene of a hormone is dependent on ____ | the prescence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ |
| several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the___ | hypophyseal portal system |
| thyroid hormone exerts its influence by____ | entering some cells and binding to the intracellular receptors within the nuclei |
| ACTH____ | secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion |
| gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of____ | cortisol |
| the second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by___ | binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP |
| which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | the heart |
| One of the least complicated of the endocrine systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? | humoral stimulation |
| which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? | parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood. |
| cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor nad kinase activation. In order for cells to respond it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicateThis is possible because | G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers |
| what ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones? | calcium |
| which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? | all of these are signs (polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia) |
| eicosanoids do not include___ | hydrocortisones |
| a man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormones (fsh) and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem | FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes |
| virtually all of the protein or amino acid based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ___ | second messengers |
| Gonadocorticoids____ | production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonadsduring late puberty. |
| when it becomes necessary to enlist the fight or flight response a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation of syndrome is___ | epinephrine |
| normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ___ | thymus gland |
| the parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. this is accomplished through__ | targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released |
| the most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is___ | aldosterone |
| leptin is secreted by___ | adipocytes |
| regulating hormones from hypothalamus____ | first enger into the hypophyseal portal system |
| the major targets of growth hormone are___ | bones and skeletal muscles |
| oxytocin___ | release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism |
| thyroid hormone )a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ___ | steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells |
| which organ does not have hormone production? | liver |
| aldosterone____ | functions to increase sodium reabsorption |
| which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? | direct control of the nervous system |
| which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? | type of hormone |
| thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? | it does not require a second messenger to effect a response |
| which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? | a hormone receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA |
| which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? | enzyme |
| the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract ___ | is partly contained within the infundibulum |
| steroid hormones exert their action by___ | entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene |
| which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? | liver |
| the only amine hormone to act like a steroid is___ | TH |
| in circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as | up regulation |
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