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Lecture 3
Marine Viruses, Archaea, Bacteria
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "agents of microbial mortality" thus play a role in cycling of organic matter in the oceans | marine viruses |
| how abundant are marine viruses? | about 10^8 per milliliter in productive coastal waters |
| where are marine viruses most abundant? | very abundant in marine nearshore surface sediments |
| "non-cellular infectious agent" | virus |
| what are proteins made of? | genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat |
| can viruses reproduce by itself? | no; its genetic material must enter a host cell, then "directs the host cell's biosynthetic machinery into making many new viruses |
| are viruses diverse? | diverse; viruses affect organisms f all kingdoms |
| 5 basic steps in the multiplication of viruses | 1. attachment 2. penetration 3. replication and synthesis 4. assembly 5. release ("lytic" vs "lysogenic") |
| what do oceanographers want to know about viruses? | rates of virus-mediated mortality and associated production of DOM |
| what is tricky about inferring rates from counts of infected cells? | it requires knowing how long the cells are infected before lysis |
| how much marine bacteria of viruses kill per day? | 20-40%, may contribute to microbial mortality on scales similar to grazing by zooplankton |
| conversion of POC (cells) to DOC may influence removal of what from the surface ocean? | C |
| bottom line of viruses | just because they're small, we can't ignore them! |
| creator of phylogenetic tree of life | woese |
| "heat lovers" | thermophiles |
| nearly all thermophiles are strict _____ that need sulfur as an electron donor or acceptor (common around hydrothermal vents) | anaerobes |
| methane makers | methanogens |
| salt lovers | halophiles |
| marine archaea are widespread and numerically significant in what kind of waters? | cold, oxic |
| water below EZ to about 1000 meters | mesopelagic |
| what comprises 40% of the mesopelagic microbial community? | crenarchaeota |
| crenarchaeotes are chemo/auto/heterotrophic | chemoautotrophic |
| marine bacteria maybe (what two?) chemo/auto/heterotrophic | heterotrophic or autotrophic |
| ____ vary: phototrophic or chemotrophic | metabolic modes |
| organotrophs requre inorganic/organic compounds for biosynthesis | organic (used dissolved organic matter, DO, DON, DOP) |
| what is about 25% of pelagic bacteria? | SAR(sargasso sea)11 (next common is roseobacter) |
| bacterial production is usually determined by measuring what? | the uptake of radio-labeled substrates and incorporation into cellular products |
| H-thymidine into... | DNA |
| H-leucine into... | protein |
| not all marin bacteria are heterotrophs...some are | autotrophs (photosynthetic) |
| which of the five bacterial groups carry out oxygenic photosynthesis? | cyanobacteria |
| four of the five bacterial groups engage in what type of photosynthesis? | anoxygenic (uses molecules other than water) without the production of O_2 |
| what are photosynthetic pigments that occur in various bacteria? | bacteriochlorophylls |
| bacteria that contain bacteriochlorophyll conduct photosynthesis but do not produce what element? | oxygen |
Created by:
rachelaurenk
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