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Study Guide for Two
Study Guide for Test Two
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Equal Rights Amendment | was not ratified by the necessary thirty-eight states |
| To be elected president, one must receive | a majority of the electoral vote |
| In United States v. Nixon, the Supreme Court ruled that | executive privilege would not protect Richard Nixon’s attempt to withhold tapes of White House conversations |
| One major difference between the House and Senate is the total number of members—a difference that has meant that | a greater number of formal rules are needed to govern activity in the House |
| The requirement that the president report to Congress within forty-eight hours of sending troops into hostilities and then obtain the approval of Congress within sixty days is established by | the War Powers Resolution |
| Most of the actual work on a bill is | performed by the committees and subcommittees within Congress |
| The opinion of the Court | sets forth the reasoning upon which the ruling was based |
| The founders of the American republic believed that most of the power that would be exercised by a national government should be in the hands of | the legislature |
| Before a treaty can become legally binding, the treaty must be | approved by a two-thirds vote in the Senate |
| The policy in admissions or hiring that gives special consideration to traditionally disadvantaged groups to overcome the present effects of past discrimination is known as | affirmative action |
| “Going public” means that presidents | take their case to the public over the heads of the members of Congress |
| The solicitor general, a high-ranking presidential appointee within the Justice Department, represents the ________ before the Supreme Court | national government |
| In 1896, the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson | agreed that separation of races is not a violation of the Constitution. |
| A filibuster is | an attempt to prevent the passage of a bill through the use of unlimited debate in the Senate |
| Executive agreements are | agreements between the president and a head of foreign government that do not have to be approved by the Senate |
| the process by which Congress follows up on laws it has enacted to ensure that they are being enforced and administered in the way Congress intended | oversight |
| Redistricting | the redrawing of district boundaries within each state to ensure equal district populations |
| How many justices are on the Supreme Court | Nine |
| The Defense of Marriage Act of 1996 | allows state governments to ignore same-sex marriages performed in other states |
| When no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote | election is decided in the House of Representatives |
| A writ of certiorari by the Supreme Court | orders a lower court to send up the record of a case for review |
| According to the Constitution, the Supreme Court can exercise original jurisdiction | only those cases that concern ambassadors, public ministers, and consuls, and those involving two or more states |
| Which civil rights legislation banned discriminatory voter registration practices, and mandated federal intervention in any county with less than 50 percent of those eligible registered to vote? | The Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
| What are the levels of the federal court system? | federal district court, intermediate courts of appeal, Supreme Court |
| impeachment charges | are voted on by the House of Representatives and, if approved, go to the Senate for a trial |
| Who is the current Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court? | John G. Roberts, Jr. |
| De facto segregation | segregation because of residential patterns and concentration of populations, not because of laws. |
| cloture | a process that attempts to limit debate on a bill in the Senate in which a supermajority of sixty senators agrees to invoke cloture and end debate |
| tactics used in southern states during the Jim Crow era to deny African Americans their voting rights | white primaries, literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses |
| The Office of Management and Budget | helps the president prepare the annual budget |
| Enumerated or expressed powers of Congress | powers that are specifically given to Congress in the Constitution |
| The Declaration of Sentiments, signed in 1848, called for women in the United States to be granted | the right to vote, own property, and sue; and equal educational and employment opportunities |
| In the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the U.S. Supreme Court held that | public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
| bicameralism | The division of a legislature into two separate assemblies |
| The Most powerful person in the Senate is | the Senate majority leader |
| the first African American to sit on the U.S. Supreme Court | Thurgood Marshall |
| The doctrine of stare decisis | the policy of following precedent established by past decisions to decide cases |
| The most powerful person in the House of Representatives | Speaker of the House |
| When did the modern movement for the rights of gay men and lesbians began | in 1969, following a riot that broke out when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a New York gay bar |
| Executive privilege | the ability of the president and executive branch officials to withhold certain information from Congress and the courts |
| Reapportionment | the allocation of seats in the House to each state after each census |
| A dissenting opinion can be important because | it often forms the basis of the arguments used later to reverse the majority opinion in a similar case |
| the rule of four | A procedure used by the Supreme Court in determining which cases it will hear |
| Judicial activism | a doctrine holding that the Supreme Court should take an active role by using its powers to check the activities of governmental bodies when those bodies exceed their authority |
| Gerrymandering | the drawing of legislative district boundary lines to give a party or group an advantage |
| Federal courts have jurisdiction | When there is a federal question or diversity of citizenship in the case |
| The only two presidents who have actually been impeached | Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton |
| amicus curiae brief | arguments by those interested in the outcome of a case but who are not parties to the case |
| common law | The body of judge-made law |
| The United States has a dual court system | federal and dual courts |
| in which chamber of congress do all money bills originate? | The House of Representatives |
| majority-minority district | A legislative district composed of a majority of a given minority community—say, African Americans—the intent of which is to make it likely that a member of that minority will be elected to Congress. |
| pork barrel | Legislators' appropriations of funds for special projects located within their congressional districts. |
| signing statement | a written message that the president issues upon signing a bill into law. Controversy arose over the perception that the president used the tool of the signing statement to modify the intent of the laws. |
| National Security Council (NSC) | Consisting of top foreign policy advisers and relevant cabinet officials, this is an arm of the Executive Office of the President that the president consults on matters of foreign policy and national security. |
| take care clause | The constitutional basis for inherent powers, which states that the president “shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.” |
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