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Bio 102 Ch 31
Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True/ False: Sponges are classified into Parazoa, meaning that they do not have true tissues. | True |
| True/ False: The cells of sponges are loosely associated and do not form true tissues. | True |
| True/ False: Animals that form true tissues are classified under Parazoa. | False. Eumetazoa meaning "true later animals" |
| What are the two major animal clades? | Parazoa and Eumetazoa |
| True/ False: Poriferans are a monophyletic group. | False. |
| True/ False: Sponges are symmetrical. | False. Sponges are asymmetrical. |
| Sponges have flagellate cells called ________. | collar cells aka choanocytes |
| _______ cells make up the inner layer of sponges. | Collar cells |
| How do sponges bring in and dispose of food and waste? | Collar cells of sponges create a water current to bring food and oxygen into the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes. |
| True/ False: Collar cells of sponges trap and phagocytize food particles. | True. |
| Sponges have 3 types of canal systems through which water circulates. What are the three canals? | 1. asconoid system 2. syconoid system 3. leuconoid system |
| What happens in the asconoid system of the sponge? | In the asconoid system, the beating of the flagella of collar cells creates water current to pull water through pores (ostia). Water passes into central cavity (spongocoel) and then flows out through sponges open end (osculum.) |
| The pores of sponges are called _______. | ostia |
| __________ are specialized tubelike cells that form pores. | Porocytes |
| What do the porocytes of sponges do? | Porocytes form the pores of a sponge |
| The central cavity of the sponge in which water current flows through is called the ________. | spongocoel |
| True/ False: The spongocoel of the sponge is a digestive cavity. | False. |
| The sponge's open end in which water current flows out is called ___________. | osculum |
| What happens in the syconoid system of the sponge? | In the syconoid system, water enters through canals lined by the collar cells. |
| What is in the leuconoid system of a sponge | In the leuconoid system of a sponge, the complex systems of canals provide increased surface are for food capture. |
| _________ cells form the outer layer of the sponge and line its canals. | Epidermal |
| Sponges have a gelatin-like layer called the _______ | mesohyl |
| The mesohyl of the sponge is supported by _____,which are the skeletal spikes. | spicules |
| _______ cells secrete spicules in the mesohyl. | Amoeboid |
| Spicules of a sponge are made of ______ ______ or ____ | calcium carbonate; silica |
| The fibrous part of the sponge consists. of ________, which is a form of collagen. | spongin |
| True/ False: Sponges are suspension feeders. | True |
| What are suspension feeders. | organisms adapted for trapping and eating whatever food is suspended in the water |
| Suspension feeders that filter the suspended food are called _______ ________. | Filter feeders |
| Food particles in a filter feeder (sponge) are digested within the ______ _______. | collar cells |
| How do sponges reproduce? | Asexually and sexually |
| True/ False: Sponges can asexually reproduce by fragmentation or budding. | True. |
| Sponges are hermaphrodites. | True. |
| What are hermaphrodites? | Individual that produce sperm and eggs |
| True/ False: Fertilization within sponges take place in the osculum. | False. In the mesohyl |
| True/ False: Sponges can reproduce by cross fertilization in which sperm is released into the water and is taken in by other sponges. | True. |
| How do zygotes of a sponge develop into a sponge? | The zygote of a sponge develop into flagellate larvaw that leave parent when the water current leaves their body. The larvae swim until they find a solid object where they attach and settle. |
| True/ False: Sponges are unable to regenerate. | False. Sponges can regenerate when injured. |
| What are the three main groups of sponges? And what are the differences. | 1. calcareous sponges 2. glass sponges 3. demosponges Calcareous sponges' spicules are made of calcium carbonate, while the the spicules of glass and demo sponges are made from silica. |
| What type of symmetry do cnidarians have? | Radial symmetry |
| True/ False: Cnidarians have a body plan in which it has a hollow sac with a mouth surrounded by tentacles in one end. | True. |
| What are the two body shapes of cnidarians. Describe them. | Polyp - has a dorsal mouth surrounded by tentacles Medusa - mouth located in lower concave surface |
| True/ False: Hydra is a medusa. | False. It's a polyp |
| True/ False: Jellfish have a medusa shape. | True. |
| True/ False: Cnidarians have the polyp shape during one stage of their life cycle and the medusa form during another stage. | True, |
| Cnidarians have specialized stinging cells called _________. | cnidocytes. |
| True/ False: Cnidocytes are located on the tentacles. | True |
| Cnidocytes contain stinging thread capsules called __________. | nematocysts |
| What are the tentacles on jellyfish used for? | to capture prey |
| In cnidarians, digestion occurs in the ____________ ___________. | gastrovascular cavity |
| What is the only opening into the gastrovascular cavity? And what does this single opening serve for? | mouth; opening both for digestion of food and expulsion of undigested material |
| Gas exchange and excretion occur by diffusion in cnidarians. Why? | B/c their body wall is thin |
| Cnidarians are ____________, have two definite tissue layers. These two tissue layers are: | diploblastic; ectoderm and endoderm |
| The ________ separates the ecto and endo derms in cnidarians. | mesoglea |
| What are the four groups of cnidarians? | 1. hydrozoans 2. scyphozoans 3. cubozoans 4. anthozoans |
| True/ False: Hydrozoans include hydras and hydroids. | True |
| Hydras can reproduce asexually by budding. | True |
| Hydroazoans are unable to regenerate. | False |
| Hydras are in the polyp form. | True. |
| In Obelia, polyps reproduce ______ by _____ and the _______ reproduce ____. | asexually; budding; medusa; sexually |
| True/ False: Polyp is the dominant form in schphozoans. | False. medusa |
| What is the dominant body shape in hydrozoans? | Alternate btwn polyp and medusa as opposed to scyphozoans that are dominantly medusa. |
| True/ False: Jellyfish are scyphozoans. | True. |
| What kind of shape do cubozoans have? What are their other characteristics? | square; have four tentacles or four groups of tentacles; also have complex eyes that create blurred images; actively hunt for prey;medusa form dominant |
| Sea wasps are another example of cubozoans. What are their characteristics? | have one of the deadliest venoms in the Animal Kingdom Toxins can cause respiratory failure and cardiac arrest in humans. But sea turtles are unaffected by venom and feed on sea wasps |
| What are some types of anthozoans? | sea anemones and corals |
| Characteristics of Anthozoans? | no medusa stage--- indiv or colonial polyps vertical partitions that partially divides the gastrovascular system into chambers to increase surface area for digestion |
| Anthozoan polyps produces eggs and sperm and the fertilized egg develops into a small ciliated larva called a ________. | planula |
| How are anthozoans different from hydrozoans? | vertical partitions that divide the gastrovascular sys into chambers for increased surface area for digestion; |
| Although corals can capture prey, many tropical species depend for nutrition on photosynthetic algae called _______. | zooxanthellae |
| The zooxanthellae live within cells lining coral digestive cavity. What relationship do corals and zooxanthellae have? | Corals and zooxanthellae have a symbiotic relationship in which both benefit. The algae provide coral with oxygen and carbon and nitrogen compounds. The coral supplies the zooxanthellae with waste products, such as ammonia. |
| _______ ________ is the stress induced loss of the colorful symbiotic algae that inhabit coral cells. | coral bleaching |
| What happens during coral bleaching? What environmental factors contribute to coral bleaching? | When under environmental stress, the coral expel algae. Without algae, coral become malnourished and die. Environmental factors include temperatures due to global warming, pollution, disease, acidification. |
| True/ False: Comb jellies are cnidarians. | False. They are ctenophores. |
| Characteristics of ctenophores? | eight rows of cilia that resemble combs; biradially symmetrical--- obtain equal halves by cutting body axis in 2 ways. |
| How are cnidarians and ctenophores alike? | have a type of redial symmtry; feeding tentacles' two layers of cells separated by mesoglea |
| Ctenophores have glue cells used for? | Trap prey |
| How are cnidarians and ctenophores different? | Ctenophores do not have stinging nematocysts and its digestive system has a mouth for food intake and two anal pores for the egestion of water and wastes. |
| True/ False: Lophotrochozoa is a clade that includes flatworms, rotifers, mollusks, annelids. | True. |
| What kind of symmetry do Lophotrochozoans have? | bilateral |
| Characteristics of Lophotrozoans. | 1. lophophore - ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth in three small groups of animals 2. trochopohore larva - larva in mollusks and annelids |
| True/ False: Lophotrozoans are diploblastic | False; triploblastic. |
| Name the three tissue layers of Lophotrozoans. | ectoderm;endoderm; mesoderm |
| Most lophotrozoans have a true coelem and a tube-within-a-tube plan. | True |
| What does the coelem do within Lophotrozoans? | Coelem helps transport materials such as food, oxygen and wastes, |
| Lophotrozoans have cephalization | True |
| Flatoworms are part of the Phylum ______. | Platyhelminthes |
| Flatworms are acoelomate. What is acoelomate? | Acoelomate means that they have no body cavity |
| Phylum Pltyhlemnithes was divided into four classes: | Turbellaria, Trematoda and Monogenea, Cestoda |
| Flatworms do not have a nervous system . | False. They have a simple nervous system. |
| True/ False: Class Turbellaria consists of flatworms. | True |
| True/ False: Class Trematoda and Monogenea consists of flukes and parasites. | True |
| Class Cestoda consists of _____ | tapeworms |
| The brain of flatworms consists of two masses of nervous tissue called ___________. | ganglia |
| The only opening of flatowrms is ______ _____. | the gatrovascular cavity |
| True/ False: Turbellarians are free-living marine flatworms | true |
| Turbellarians (planarian) have __________ which are structure that function in osmoregulation and metabolic waste disposal. | protonephridia |
| Planarians have auricles which are | "eyes" sense organs for chemoreception which are important in lcating food |
| True/ False: Planarians are incapable of learning. | False. |
| True/ False: Planarians are carnivorous. | True. |
| How do planarians reproduce? | Asexually and sexually. When reproducing sexually, they are hermaphrodites. Two planarians come together in copulation and exchange sperm cells so that their egg cells are cross-fertilized. |
| The body of a tapeworm consists of a long chain of segments called __________. | proglottids |
| True/ False: Each proglottid of a tapewrom is an entire reproductive male and female reproductive organs. | True. A single proglottid contains up to 100,000 eggs. |
| True/ False: The tapeworm have mouth and a digestive system. | False. Digested food from the host is absorbed across body wall. |
| Phylum Molluska has the is the largest of all invertebrates | True. |
| What organism are included in Phylum Mollusca? | oysters, snails, clams, slugs, octopods |
| Characteristics of mollusks. | 1. soft body covered by calcium carbonate shell 2. broad, flat muscular foot for locomotion 3. visceral mass 4. mantle - contains gills or lung 5. radula - except clams (filter feed) 6. coelem |
| What kind of circulatory do most mollusks have? | open circulatory system |
| Most mollusks have an open circulatory system, in which the blood called ________, bathes the tissue directly. | hemolymph |
| Active cephalopods (octopods and squids) have a ________ circulatory system. | closed |
| Gastropods of Mollusca include what organisms? | snails, slugs, conchs, sea slugs |
| Characteristic of nudobranchs | have no shell at all |
| Torsion is: | a twisting of visceral mass - a feature in gastropods |
| Why does torsion occur? | One side of the visceral mass grows more rapidly than the other side |
| What is a result of torsion? | As a result of torsion, the digestive tract becomes U-shaped and the anus come to lie above the head and gill. |
| True/ False: Bivalves are bivalve feeders. | True |
| Bivalves of Mollusca includeL | clams, oysters, mussels, scallops |
| The inner, pearly layer of bivalve shell is made of _______ ________ secreted in thin sheets by epithelial cells of the mantle. | calcium carbonate --- pearl |
| Bivalves take in water through _____ ______ and water leaves through ______ _____. | incurrent siphon; excurrent siphon |
| True/ False: Bivalves have a radula. | False. As filter feeders, bivalves have no radula and are the only mollusks that lack this structure. |
| True/ False: Cephalopd means " stomach foot" | False. "head foot" |
| The cephalopod mouth is surrounded by tentacles or arms. How many is an octopod, squid and nautilus? | octopod - 8, squids - 10, nautilus - as many as 90 |
| True/ False: The octopus has a shell | False |
| True/ False: The squid has a shell. | True. Located within its body to a reduced size |
Created by:
marissairene