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LOM Chapter 19
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adjuvant therapy | Assisting primary treatment. |
| alkylating agents | Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that interfere with DNA synthesis. |
| anaplasia | Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type |
| angiogenesis | Process of forming new blood vessels |
| antibiotics | Chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. They inhibit the growth of cells and are used in cancer chemotherapy. |
| antimetabolites | chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA; used in cancer chemotherapy. |
| antimitotics | Drugs that block mitosis (cell division). Taxol is an antimiotic used to treat breast and ovarian cancers. |
| apoptosis | Programmed cell death. (Apo- means off, away; -ptosis means to fall.) |
| benign tumor | Noncancerous growth (neoplasm) |
| biological response modifiers | Substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. |
| biological therapy | Use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells |
| carcinogens | Agents that cause cancer; chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses |
| cellular oncogenes | Pieces of DNA that, when broken or dislocated, can cause a normal cell to become malignant. |
| combination chemotherapy | Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors. |
| dedifferentiation | Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation. |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis. |
| differentiating agents | Drugs that promote tumor cell sto differentiate, stop growing, and die. |
| differentiation | Specialization of cells; unspecialized cells are modified and altered to form specific and characteristic types and functions. |
| electron beams | Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors. |
| encapsulated | Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated. |
| external beam radiation | Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source. |
| fields | Dimensions of the size of radiation used to treat a tumor from a specific angle. |
| fractionation | Giving radiation in small, repeated doses. |
| genetic screening | Family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene. |
| grading of tumors | Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation. |
| gray (Gy) | Unit of absorbed radiation dose. |
| gross description of tumors | Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye; cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, and verrucous tumors. |
| infilatrative | Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries. |
| invasive | Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue. |
| irradiation | Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays. |
| linear accelerator | Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors. |
| malignant tumor | Tending to become worse and result in death; having the characteristics of invasiveness, anaplasia, and metastasis. |
| mesenchymal | Embryonic connective tissue; mes = middle, enchym/o = to pour. This is the tissue from which connective tissues arise. |
| metastasis | Spread of malignant tumor to a secondary site; literally beyond control (meta-beyond, stasis-control |
| microscopic description of tumors | Appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope: alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, undifferentiated. |
| mitosis | Replication of cells. |
| mixed-tissue tumors | Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue) |
| modality | Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation. |
| molecularly targeted drugs | Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells. |
| morbidity | Condition of being diseased; describing damage to normal tissues. |
| mucinous | Containing mucous |
| mutation | Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously |
| neoplasm | New growth; benign or malignant tumors. |
| nucleotide | Unite of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base. The sequence or arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code. |
| oncogenes | Region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or in viruses that cause cancer (viral oncogene). Oncogenes are designated by a three-letter word, such as abl, erb, jun, myc, ras, and src. |
| palliative | Relieving but not curing. |
| pedunculated | Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle). |
| pharmacokinetics | Study of the distribution in and removal of drugs from the body over a period of time. |
| photon therapy | Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays. |
| protocol | Detailed plan for treatment of an illness. |
| proton therapy | Subatomic particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit an absorbed dose of radiation at a focused finite point in the body. |
| radiation | Energy carried by a stream of particles. |
| radiocurable tumor | Tumor cells that are destroyed by radiation therapy. |
| radioresistant tumor | Tumor cells that require large doses of radiation to be destroyed. |
| radiosensitive tumor | Tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue. |
| radiosensitizers | Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays. |
| radiotherapy | Treatment of tumors using radiation; radiation oncology. |
| relapse | Return of symptoms of disease. |
| remission | Partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease. |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Cellular substance that, along with DNA, plays an important role in protein synthesis. |
| sarcoma | Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue. |
| serous | Pertaining to a thin, watery, fluid (serum). |
| sessile | Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors. |
| solid tumor | Tumor composed of a mass of cells. |
| staging of tumors | System of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors. TNM system (tumor-node-metastasis) |
| stereotactic radiosurgery | Dose of radiation delivered under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance (gamma knife surgery) |
| steroids | complex, naturally occurring chemicals, such as hormones, that are used in cancer chemotherapy. |
| surgical procedures to treat cancer | Methods of removing cancerous tissue; cyrosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopys, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy. |
| viral oncogenes | Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant. |
| virus | An infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself. |
Created by:
CSnyder00