Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Stack #12211
Elementary Statistics 2004
| Term | Define |
|---|---|
| Data | Observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected |
| Statistics | A collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data |
| Population | The complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied |
| Population | it includes all subjects to be studied |
| Census | The collection of data from every member of the population |
| Sample | A subcollection of members selected from a population |
| Sample data | must be collected in an appropriate way, such as through a process of random selection |
| If sample data are not collected in a appropriate way, | the data may be so completely useless that no amount of statistical torturing can salvage them |
| TYPES OF DATA??? | Parameter,Statistic , |
| Parameter | A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. |
| Parameter | all of those votes to be the population considered, When Lincoln was first elected, he received 39.82% of the 1,865,908 votes cast which is 29.825. |
| Statistic | A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample |
| Based on a sample | of 877 surveyed executives, it was found that 45% of them would not hire someone with a typographical error on their job application |
| Quantitative data | Data consists of numbers representing counts or measurement |
| Quantitative data | weights of supermodels |
| Interval level of measurement | Temperature, Years |
| Interval level of measurement | Data that can be arranged in order and for which differences between data values are meaningful |
| Interval level | shoe sizes [US vs Europe] and temperature |
| Interval data | can be either discreet or continuous |
| Ratio level of measurement | Data that can be arranged in order, for which differences between data values are meaningful, and there is an inherent zero starting point. |
| Ratio level of measurement | differences and ratios are meaningful |
| Ratio level of measurement | prices of textbooks; $50 is half of $100 |
| Ratio level of measurement | Height of students |
| Ratio data | is continuous. |
| Ratio level of measurement | HIGHEST LEVEL OF DATA |
| Ratio level of measurement | can be either discreet or continuous. |
| Quantitative (interval and ratio) data | can be further distinguished between discrete and continuous. |
| Discrete Data | Data that results when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a “countable” numbers. |
| Discrete Data | Counting-type things |
| Discrete Data | number of eggs that hens lay |
| Continuous (numerical) Data | thickness of paper; measurement of weight |
| Continuous (numerical) Data | Results from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps. |
| Continuous (numerical) Data | amounts of milk from cows |
| Qualitative (or categorical or attribute) data | Can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumerical characteristics. |
| Continuous (numerical) Data | The genders (male/female) of professional athletes |
| Nominal Level of Measurement | Characterized by data that consists of names, labels, or categories only |
| Nominal Level of Measurement | Lowest form of data. Has groups, but no ordering to the groups |
| Nominal Level of Measurement | cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high) |
| Nominal Level of Measurement | Survey responses of yes, no, and undecided |
| Nominal Level of Measurement | Colors of cars driven by college students (red, black, blue, etc. |
| Ordinal Level of Measurement | (Categories & groups, but with some natural order to the groups.) |
| Ordinal Level of Measurement | Course grades – Grades of A, B, C, D, or F |
| Ordinal Level of Measurement | Ranking cities; those ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etcBut, the differences between ranks are meaningless |
| Money and Counting are | Discrete |
| Temperature is | Interval |
| Ages are | usually Discrete |
| Man on the street samples are | always convenience sampling |
| Misuses of Statistics | self-selected surveyBad samplesSmall samplesMisleading graphsPictographsLoaded Questions |
| Misuses of Statistics | Order of Questions |
| Misuses of Statistics | Precise NumbersPartial picturesDeliberate Distortions |
| Randomness | typically plays a critical role in determining which data to collect. |
| Observational Study | Observing and measuring specific characteristics without attempting to modify the subjects being studied. (Control group) |
| Cross Sectional Study | Data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time. |
| Retrospective (or Case Control) Study | Data are collected from the past by going back in time. |
| Prospective (or Longitudinal or Cohort) Study | Data are collected in the future from groups (called cohorts) sharing common factors. |
| Experimental | Apply some treatment and then observe its effects on the subjects. (Experimental group.) Doing something to affect what happens. |
| Experimental Key Elements | Control, Replication, Randomization |
| control | Effects of variables through: blinding, blocks, completely randomized, experimental design, rigorously controlled experimental design |
| Confounding | Occurs in an experiment when the experimenter is not able to distinguish between the effects of different factors. |
| Blinding | Subject doesn't know if he or she is receiving a treatment or placebo |
| Double-blind | Neither the subject nor the experimenter knows whether treatment or placebo is being administered |
| Blocks | Groups of subjects with similar characteristics |
| Completely Randomized Experimental Design | Subjects are put into blocks through a process of random selection |
| Rigorously Controlled Design | Subjects are very carefully chosen so that those in each block are similar in the ways that are important to the experiment. |
| Random Sample | Selection so that each has an equal chance of being selected |
| Simple Random Sample | of size n |
| Systematic Sampling | Select some starting point and then select every Kth element in the population |
| systematic sampling | 7th person of a group of 10; i.e., 7, 17, 27, 37, etc., OR every 7th person i.e., 7, 14, 21, 28, etc |
| Convenience Sampling | Use results that are easy to get, choosing the first 10 people who get off work |
| Stratified Sampling | Subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups that share the same characteristics, then draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum |
| Cluster Sampling | Divide the population into sections (or clusters); randomly select some of those clusters; choose all members from selected clusters |
| Sampling Error | The difference between a sample result and the true population result; such an error results from chance sample fluctuations |
| Nonsampling Error | Sample data that are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed (such as by selecting a biased sample, using a defective instrument, or copying the data incorrectly |
Created by:
mcb