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Define Anatomy & Physiology The structures of the human body and how they function
When did nomads begin to settle? Why? Drawbacks? Health benefits? 10,000yrs ago. Adopted agriculture. Living close to animals spread disease. Longevity and fertility increased.
Why are amphibians referred to as like "canaries in coal mines"? They are more sensitive to pollutants to humans. Drastic decline in their numbers can be interpreted as an environmental warning
What makes a country "developed"? Universal education. High literacy. Comprehensive health service, 100% water and sanitation
What makes a country "developing"? Lower national wealth, life expectancy and industry skilled jobs. Rely more on agriculture. Access to water and sanitation poor.
Name the 4 stages of bacterial growth Lag, Exponential growth, Stationary, Death
What makes bacteria resistant? Where does this come from? Extra gene. Stems from ineffective clinical use and indiscriminate agricultural use.
What is an epidemic? What is a pandemic? Outbreak in a country, region, community. Pandemic - worldwide
What is selection pressure? An abstract force that shapes elements as they evolve
What is epidemiology? The study of patterns and causes of health and disease
What is a communicable disease? Infectious or parasitic, passed by food water or immediate organism
What is a non communicable disease? Can't be transmitted. Often chronic like cancer, dementia, heart disease.
What is a pathogen? A disease causing infectious agent
What is peri-natal disease? Something that affects babies during or immediately after birth
Give an example of an "evolutionary trade off" Surplus fat stored for times of low food - now leads to obesity Bipedal posture to run faster makes child birth difficult
What is a "morbidity rate"? number of cases in a population relative to the total number of risk of developing
What does DALY stand for? Disability adjusted life year
What is meant by the "double jeopardy" of the burden of disease in a developing country? Both both chronic non comm. disease and much higher rates of infectious diseases.
What is a polar molecule? Has both positive and negative atoms
What does Xenobiotic mean? Inc an example Alien to nature. Eg Dioxin (from burning plastic) is found in virtually everyone.
What is toxicology? study of toxins and effects on living organisms
What is ecotoxicology? the fate of contaminants on plants and the ecosystems.
What is Bioaccumulation? When a pollutant is not dispersed randomly or evenly and stores. EG DDT in body fat of birds released when fat is used (reproduction/migration)
Endocrine disruptors cause... feminisation of males and disruption to female reproductive system.
What is the correct term for adrenalin? Epinephrine
What is an endocrine receptor? A large specialised structure on the outer layer of a cell with a special affinity to a certain signalling molecule.
Give an example of Endocrine disruption in humans Native Americans living near a chemical plant - sex ratio has been skewed dramatically
What features of a molecule make likely to be an endocrine disruptor? A hydroxyl group. A benzene ring. Allkyl group of 9 carbon atoms or less. ( strength increased in compact groups)
Created by: vixibash
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