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small animal med 2
| DENTAL; RADS ARE USEFUL TO DETECT | ROOT RESORPTION, CARIES, PERIAPICAL RADIOLUNCY, PERIODONTAL BONE LOSS, RETAINED ROOT TIPS, UNERUPTED TEETH, OSTEOMYELITIS, NEOPLASIA, ROOT/JAW FX, FBS AND DZ ON THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT |
| WHAT IS PERIAPICAL RADIOLUNCNY | TOOTH ROOT ABSCESS |
| TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT IS ALSO KNOWN AS | TMJ |
| TO COMPLETE A DENTAL RADIOGRAPH YOU MUST FIRST | SEDATE THE PATINET |
| DENTAL RADIOGRAPH EQUIPMENT MAY BE | WALL MOUNTED OR STAND ON WHEELS |
| WHAT ARE THE 3 PARTS OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPH EQUIPMENT | CONTROL PANEL, A LONG ARM THAT EXTENDS FROM CONTROL PANEL (72-86"), TUBE AT THE END OF THE ARM |
| DENTAL RADS SAFETY | WEAR LEAD GEAR IF IN ROOM WITH PT, DO NOT HOLD FILM, HAVE THE MACHINE INSPECTED REGULARLY FOR LEAKS |
| DENTAL RADS- FILM PROCESSING | MANUAL DEVELOPING - CHAIR SIDE, DEVELOPER, RINSE, FIXER, WASH, DRY-CHEMICALS NEED TO STAY AT 68f |
| DENTAL RADS-DIGITAL | QUALITY IS VERY GOOD, |
| 3 PARTS OF DIGITAL RADS EQUIPMENT | ELECTRONIC INTRAORAL SENSOR, COMPUTER, XRAY |
| WHAT ARE THE 3 TECHNIQUES USED FOR DENTAL RAD | PARALLELING TECHNIQUE, BISECTING ANGEL, OCCLUSAL |
| FILM PLACED ON PARALLEL TO THE LONG AXIS OF TOOTH; BEAM AT RIGHT ANGLE TO THE FILM AND TEETH, ONLY USE ON MANDIBULAR TEETH CAUDAL TO SECOND PREMOLARS | PARALLELING TECHNIQUE |
| SYMPHYSIS AT THE ROSTRAL PORTION OF THE MANDIBLE AND THE FLAT PALATE OF THE MAXILLA; BEAN IS PROJECTED AT A RIGHT ANGLE TO AN IMAGINARY LINE THAT CUTS IN HALF THE ANGLE FORMED BY THE PLANE OF THE FILM AND THE LONG AXIS OF THE TOOTH | BISECTING ANGLE TECHNIQUE |
| FILM ON THE OCCLUSAL PLANE AND DIRECTS BEAN AT A RIGHT ANGLE TO THE FILM; LARGER VIEWS | OCCLUSAL TECHNIQUE |
| RADIOPAQUE | CEMENTUM, DENTIN, AND BONE BLOCK-ABSORB XRAYS- LOOK WHITE |
| RADIOLUCENT | SOFT TISSUE AND PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT SPACE- LOOK DARK OR BLACK |
| DENTAL HOME CARE INCLUDES | DEMONSTRATE BRUSHING, RECOMMEND DIETS AND PRODUCTS, REDUCTION OF BACTERIA IN MOUTH-BRUSHING DIETS, TOYS |
| DAILY; BEST METHOD OF PLAQUE CONTROL; | BRUSHING TEETH DAILY |
| DASS TECHNIQUE | BRISTLES ALONG THE GINGIVAL MARGIN AND IN THE SULCUS= 45 DEGREE ANGLE |
| BRUSH TEETH WITH THE | MOUTH CLOSED AND LIPS UP |
| HOME CARE SHOULD START | AS A PUPPY OR KITTEN, GUM MASSAGE THEN TOOTHBRUSH |
| SOFT FOODS DIETS CAN | INCREASE THE AMT OF PLAQUE |
| DIETS WORK | MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL |
| LONG FIBERS WITHIN LARGE KIBBLE | MANUAL |
| HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE | CHEMICAL, BREAKS DOWN PLAQUE OR KEEPS IT FORM ADHERING TO THE TEETH |
| AKA FORLS OR | FELINE ORAL RESORPTIVE LESIONS |
| TOOTH RESORPTION IS | COMMON IN CATS; RARE IN DOGS |
| TX FOR TOOTH RESORPTION IS | EXTRACTION |
| OTHER PROBLEMS WITH TOOTH RESORPTION | BREAK OFF= TOOTH ROOT INFECTIONS |
| CLINICAL SIGNS OF TOOTH RESORPTION | RELUCTANCE TO EAT, CHEWING ON ONLY ONE SIDE OF THE MOUTH, BLOOD FROM THE MOUTH, PAWING AT THE MOUTH |
| DX OF TOOTH RESORPTION | LOOK IN THE MOUTH, CAN USUALLY SEE A LESION AT THE CERVICAL PORTION OF THE TOOTH- WHERE THE CROWN MEETS THE ROOTS, USUALLY SEEN RIGHT AT THE GUMLINE. WILL USUALLY BLEED WHEN TOUCHED OR CAT WITH CHATTER IF TOUCHED WITH A QTIP |
| GRADED IN CLASS 1-4 | MALOCCLUSIONS |
| COMMON NAMES: OVERBITE, UNDERBITE, WRY MOUTH | MALOCCLUSIONS |
| WRY MOUTH IS | WHEN ONE SIDE OF THE MANDIBLE OR MAXILLA IS MONGER THAN THE OTHER |
| INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS AKA | PULLING RETAINED DECIDUOUS TEETH |
| INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS IS COMMONLY DONE AT | TIME OF SPAY/NEUTER |
| WHY IS INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS COMMON IN SMALL DOGS | IF LEFT IN MOUTH, DECEREASES THE NORMAL AMT OF SPACE THEY SHOULD HAVE FOR ADULT TEETH; |
| IF THE ADULT TEETH DONT COME IN | ADULT TEETH WILL BE DEFORMED, MORE TARTER BUILD UP FROM TEETH THAT ARE TOO CLOSE, CROWDING |
| WEAR AND TEAR IS CONSIDERED | DENTAL TRAUMA |
| UNCOMPLICATED TOOTH FX | DENTAL TRAUMA |
| NO PULP EXPOSED, | UNCOMPLICATED TOOTH FX |
| PULP EXPOSED | COMPLICATED TOOTH FX |
| AGGRESSIVE | ORAL NEOPLASIA |
| ORAL NEOPLASIA PX | DEPENDS ON EARLY DETECTION |
| SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA | ORAL NEOPLASIA |
| ORAL NEOPLASIA TX | MANDIBULECTOMY OR MAXILLECTOMY |
| EPULIS OR EPULIDES | MOSTLY BENIGN COMMON TUMOR IN DOGS |
| INFLAMMATION OF ENTIRE ORAL CAVITY | STOMATITIS |
| COMMON IN CATS, RARE IN DOGS | STOMATITIS |
| ETIOLOGY OF STOMATITIS | CAUSTIC SUBSTANCE, UREMIA, VIRAL, PLANT FB, ALLERGIC RESPONSE, IMMUNE MEDIATED RXN (FIV) |
| TX OF STOMATITIS | ANTIBIOTICS AND NSAIDS FIRST, THEN FULL MOUTH EXTRACTIONS |
| PX OF STOMATITIS | EXCELLENT |
| IMMUNE MEDIATED DZ THAT AFFECTS ONLY CHEWING MUSCLES | MASTICATORY MUSCLE MYOSITIS |
| ACUTE VS CHRONICA | MASTICATORY MUSBLE MYOSITIS |
| DX MASTICATORY MUSCLE MYOSITIS | SERUM AND MUSCLE BIOPSIES- NEED TO DX EARLY |
| ACUTE PHASE ONLY- LONG SLOW TAPER OF ORAL STEROIDS | TX FOR MASTICATORY MUSCLE MYOSITIS |
| DON'T WANT TO OPEN MOUTH, DECREASED APPETITE, DROP FOOD, SWELLING OF TEMPORAL, MASSETER MUSCLES; PAINFUL | ACUTE MASTICATORY MUSCLE MYOSITIS |
| SEVERE TEMPORAL AND MASSETER MUSCLE ATROPHY DUE TO SCARRING AND BREAK DOWN OF THE MUSCLE, INABILITY TO OPEN THEIR MOUTH | CHRONIC MASTICATORY MUSCLE MYOSITIS |
| HBC #1; SYMPHYSEAL SEPERATION | JAW FX |
| CERCLAGE WIRE AND TAPE MUZZLE; PLATES, PINS, SCREWS. K9 TEETH EXTRACTIONS IN CATS | JAW FX |
| TOTAL VOLUME OF FLUID IS APPROX TO | REHYDRATE THE PT, VOLUME OF FLUID NEEDED FOR MAINTENANCE, AND VOLUME TO CORRECT ONGOING LOSSES |
| SENSIBLE FLUID LOSSES | URINE |
| WATER IN FECES AND PANTING IS | INSENSIBLE FLUID LOSSES |
| VOMITING/DIARRHEA ARE | CONTEMPORARY LOSSES |
| HOW DO WE CHECK HYDRATION STATUS | SKIN TURGOR, DRYNESS OF THE MM, CRT, DEGREE OF SINKAGE OF EYES INTO THE BONY ORBIT, HCT, TP DETERMINATION, SG |
| LB OF BODY WEIGHT IS EQUIVALENT TO | 1PT OR 480ML OF FLUID |
| BODY WT CHANGES OVER SHORT PERIODS OF TIME ARE | FLUID LOSS AND NOT MASS |
| 5-5 % DEHYDRATED | SKIN IS SLIGHTLY DOUGHY, INELASTIC CONSISTENCY |
| SKIN IS DEFINITELY INELASTIC; EYES VERY SLIGHTLY SUNKEN IN ORBITS | 6-8% DEHYDRATED |
| INCREASED SKIN TURGOR; EYES SUNKEN IN ORBITS, PROLONGED CRT, DRY MM | 10-12% DEHYDRATED |
| SHOCK AND IMMINENT DEATH | 12-15% DEHYDRATED |
| DEHYDRATED IS MULTIPLIED BY THE | BODY WT IN KGS THEN BY 1000= ML TO REHYDRATE PT |
| FLUID THERAPY MAINTENANCE OF | 30ML/LB/24/HR |
| ROUTES OF FLUID ADMINISTRATION | ORAL; SQ;IV, IP |
| EASY IF ONLY SMALL AMTS OF FLUIDS ARE NEEDED, RELATIVELY SAFE | ORAL |
| WHEN IS ORAL FLUIDS CONTRAINDICATED | WHEN VOMITING AND SEVERE LIFE THREATENING FLUID IMBALANCES THAT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE CORRECTION |
| WARMED TO BODY TEMP; ISOTONIC WITH EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; | SQ |
| DEX CONCENTRATIONS OF 2.5% | NEVER SQ- TISSUE NECROSIS |
| ABSORPTION OVER 6-8 HOURS; SAFE; EASY | SQ |
| WHEN ARE SQ FLUIDS CONTRAINDICATED | WHEN SEVERE FLUID IMBALANCE CORRECTION IS NEEDED |
| SEVERELY COMPROMISED WITH DEHYDRATION, HYPOVOLEMIA, ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES, HYPOGLYCEMIA, MOST COMMON WAY TO GIVE FLUID INT EH HOSPIATAL | IV |
| ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE TO PLACE | IV |
| CHANGE IV CATH EVERY | 72 HOURS |
| NOT ROUTINE BC OF PERITONITIS AND INTRAABDOMINAL ABSCESSES, RATE ABSORPTION SIMILAR TO SQ; NOT GOOD WHEN IMMEDIATE CORRECTION NEEDED. MAY BE VERY EFFECTIVE IN NEONATES | IP FLUID |
| SIGNS OF FLUID VOLUME OVERLOAD | DECREASED CARDIAC FUNCTION OR PLASMA PROTEIN CAN PREDISPOSE |
| RESTLESSNESS; HYPERPNEA; SEROUS NASAL DISCHARGE; CHEMOSIS; PITTING EDEMA | SIGNS OF FLUID VOLUME OVERLOAD |
| USEFUL AID IN EVALUATING THE FLUID STATUS OF A PT; REDUCES LIKELIHOOD OF EXCESSIVE FLUID ADMINISTRATION | CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE |
| INDWELLING IV CATH IS PLACED IN TEH CRANIAL VENA CAVA VIA EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN; STERILE 3 WAY STOP COCK ATTACHED; PT IN LATERAL RECUMBENCY | CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE |
| SHOULD MEASURE AT ZERO WITH FLUIDS IN IT AT STERNUM LEVEL/ O-5 IS NORMAL. 8-10 IS SIGN OF FLUID OVERLOAD | CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE |
| ASEPTIC SITE ESTABLISHED-JUGULAR VEIN; +/- SEDATION; SINGLE PUNCTURE, RAPID AND NO INTERRUPTIONS | BLOOD TRANSFUSION OF DONOR CAT/DOG |
| IF USING ACID CITRATE DEXTROSE (ACD)THEN A SEPARATE COLLECTION SET SHOULD BE USED; | BLOOD TRANSFUSION COLLECTION |
| WHY SHOULD GLASS BOTTLE COLLECTION BE AVOIDED | BLOOD EXPOSED TO AIR; AND PLT INACTIVATION/CLUMPING UPON CONTACT WITH GLASS |
| IN CATS 19G BUTTERFLY CATH WITH LG SYRINGE CONTAINING AN ANTICOAGULANT WILL WORK | BLOOD TRANSFUSION COLLECTION |
| HEPARIN OR SODIUM CITRATE | HAS TO BE USED WITHIN-24-48 HRS |
| LACK OF RBC PRESERVATIVE = | MAJOR INCREASE IN PH AND DECREASE OF RBC ATP; CELLS ARE DEFORMED AND RAPIDLY REMOVED FROM RECIPIENTS CIRCULATION |
| BLOOD TO BE STORED 48+ | ACD OR CPD ANTICOAGULANT AND THEN STORED AT 1-6C |
| IF BLOOD WARMS TO 10C IT MUST | BE USED IMMEDIATELY OR THROWN OUT |
| ACD HAS A SHELF LIFE OF | 14 DAYS |
| CPS HAS A SHELF LIFE OF | 21 DAYS |
| CPDA-1 HAS A SHELF LIFE OF | 35-48 DAYS BC OF RBC PRESERVATIVE ADENOSINE |
| BLOOD SHOULD BE GRADUALLY WARMED TO | 37C OR ROOM TEMP BEFORE ADMIN |
| EXCESSIVE BLOOD WARMING= | HEMOLYSIS |
| PLASMA TO BE STORED IN FRIDGE OVER 24 HOURS MUST BE | IN A CLOSED STERILE SYSTEM |
| PLASMA FROZEN AT -208C HAS A SHELF LIFE OF | 1 YR |
| MAJOR INDICATION FOR TRANSFUSION IS | DECREASED O2 CARRY ABILITY THEN PT SHOULD RECEIVE PACKED RED CELLS; CAN ADMIN RAPIDLY WITHOUT RISK OF OVERLOAD; DECREASES RISK OF TRANSFUSION RXNS BE PLASMA IS NOT PRESENT |
| PLASMA TRANSFUSIONS ARE TO EXPAND THE | EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOL |
| FRESH FROZEN PLASMA IS A SOURCE OF COAGULATION FACTORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF | WARFARIN TOXICITY, DIC, AND INHERITED COAGULATION FACTOR DEFICIENCIES |
| ALTERNATIVE TO PACKED RBCS IS | BOVINE HEMOGLOBIN SOLUTION AKA ACELLULAR OXYGEN-CARRYING REPLACEMENT FLUID |
| BLOOD TRANSFUSION COMPLICATIONS | EITHER IMMUNOLOGIC AND NONIMMUNOLOGIC IN ORGIN |
| IMMUNOLOGIC RXN | TRANSFUSION OF INCOMPATIBLE BLOOD |
| IMCOMPATIBLE RBCS ARE | DESTROYED 7-10 DAYS POST TRANSFUSION |
| CLINICAL SIGNS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION | TACHYCARDIA., HYPOTENSION, VOMITING, SALIVATION AND MUSCLE TREMORS |
| LAB CHANGES WITH BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION | HEMOGLOBINEMIA, HEMOGLOBINURIA, POSSIBLE ACQUIRED COAGULATION DISORDERS |
| DELAYED HEMOLYTIC RXNS CAN OCCUR AFTER | MULTIOPLE TRANSFUSIONS SHOULD SUSPECT IF DCV DROPS UNEXPECTEDLY 2-21 DAYS POST TRANSFUSION |
| RXNS BETWEEN ANTIBODIES AND ANTIGENS | TREMBLING, VOMITING AND URTICARIA= ANTIHISTAMINES 30 MIN PRIOR |
| TRANSFUSION INDUCED FEVER= | RESPONSE TO DONOR TO FOREIGN PROTEINS |
| TO CONTROL IMMUNOLOGIC RXNS | SLOW RATE OF TRANSFUSION, IF NO CHANGE, THEN DISCONTINUE TRANSFUSION |
| BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION= | FEVER |
| NONIMMUNOLOGIC RXNS | PRINCIPALLY DUE TO VASCULAR OVERLOAD |
| CLINICAL SIGNS OF NONIMMUNOLOGIC RXNS | COUGHING, INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE, RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, AND VOMITING |
| EVIDENCE OF CARDIAC PROBLES, RATE SHOULD BE | 1ML/KG/HR |
| VOMITING IS A SIDE EFFECT, NPO | NONIMMUNOLOGIC RXNS |
| PRIMARY INDICATION FOR OXYGEN THERAPY | HYPOXIA |
| TISSUE HYPOXIA | REDUCTION IN PERFUSION(REDUCED BLOOD FLOW); REDUCTION IN 02 CONTENT OF THE BLOOD |
| CLINICAL SIGNS OF HYPOXIA | MAY NOT SEE IN RESTING PETS, TACHYCARDIA OR ARRHYTHMIAS, INCREASED RR, OPEN-MOUTH BREATHING, DYSPNEA |
| IF HYPOXIA IS SEVERE CNS SIGNS PRESENT: | DROWSINESS, ALTERED MOTOR ABILITIES, INCREASED EXCITABILITY |
| SEVER HYPOXIA | COLD EXTREMITIES OR CYANOSIS; CAN RESULT IN LUNG DZ, DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT OR SEVERE ANEMIA |
| 02 THERAPY USED WHEN | PULMONARY EDEMA; SEVERE BRONCHOPNEUMONIA; UPPER AIRWAY DZ IN BRACHYCEPHALIC BREEDS; PULMONARY TRAUMA; COLLAPSE OF LUNG LOBE; SHOCK |
| MEASUREMENT OF HEMOGLOBIN SATURATION= | PULSE OX- APPLY CLIP TO NON PIGMENTED SKIN OR MM: LIP TONGUE, PINNAE, VULVA, PREPUCE |
| MORE INVASIVE OXYGEN THERAPY | ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES |
| ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES ARE | TAKEN FROM FEMORAL ARTERY; NO AIR BUBBLES; READ IMMEDIATELY |
| OXYGEN THERAPY-02 CAGE | CONTROL 02 SATURATION; TEMP/HUMIDITY; EXPENSIVE |
| 02 CAGE OXYGEN THERAPY | CONSUME LARGE AMOUNTS OF 02 |
| WANT 30-40% | 02 SATURATION IN THE CAGE; |
| TOO MUCH OXYGEN- | 02 TOXICITY= RETINAL CHANGES IN PUPPIES |
| VARIETY OF SIZES AND SHAPES; NEED HIGH FLOW RATE OF 02 TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE C02 BUILD UP | MASK INDUCTION; OXYGEN THERAPY |
| SHORT PERIODS OF TIME; SELECT PTS- MAKE IT WORSE IN SOME | MASK INDUCTION OXYGEN THERAPY |
| INTRATRACHEAL CATHETER INDUCTON | INEXPENSIVE; EFFECTIVE; CRITICALLY ILL PTS |
| SKIN ASEPTICALLY PREPPED; LOCAL ANESTHETIC OVER TRACHEA; MID CERVICAL | INTRATRACHEAL CATHETER INDUCTION |
| 14-18 GAUGE IV CATH INSERTED AND ADVANCED TO | BIFURCATION OF TRACHEA; 02 DELIVERED SHOULD BE HUMIDIFIED AND ADMINISTERED AT A FLOW RATE OF 0.5-4L/MIN |
| BRIEF PERIODS IN SEVERELY DEPRESSED PTS; 5-8 FRENCH RED RUBBER CATHETER INSERTED THRU THE EXTERNAL NARES TO LEVEL OF THE CAUDAL NASOPHARYNX | NASAL CATHETER |
| COATED WITH TOPICAL ANESTHETIC CREAM OR TOPICAL ANESTHETIC DROPS CAN BE DISTILLED IN NOSTRIL | NASAL CATHETER |
| TAPE ATTACHED TO CATH, THEN CATH SUTURED TO THE FOREHEAD | NASAL CATHETER |
| USEFUL TO TX DZ AND TO PREVENT DZ | RESPIRATORY PHYSICAL THERAPY |
| SECONDARY BRONCHOPNEUMONIA IS COMMON IN PTS WITH | LUNG LOBE COLLAPSE |
| STIMULATION OF COUGHING BY PUSHING ON TRACHEA CAUSES | LUNGS TO MAXIMALLY EXPAND AND HELPS PREVENT LUNG COLLAPSE |
| TURNING OF RECUMBENT PTS WILL ENHANCE | DRAINAGE AND CIRCULATION AND PREVENT HYPOSTATIC CONGESTION |
| PERCUSSION (COUPAGE) TECHNIQUES OF | STRIKING THE ANIMALS CHEST TO LOOSEN BRONCHIAL SECRETION AND THUS FACILIATING DRAINAGE; |
| COUPAGE | CHEST STRUCK WITH CUPPED HAND, BOTH HANDS, RAPID, MOVE VENTRAL TO DORSAL |
| SHOULD MAINTAIN IN STERNAL RECUMBENCY; SLING OR SUPPORT THEN TO KEEP POSTURE; ROTATE PT EVERY 2 HOURS | RESPIRATORY PHYSICAL THERAPY |
| INITIATOR OF THE REPRO CYCLE | BRAIN |
| PROESTRUS | THE TIME LEADING TO ESTRUS |
| ESTRUS | THE TIME OF MATING |
| DIESTRUS | THE TIME WHEN PREGNANCY IS ESTABLISHED |
| ANESTRUS | THE TIME WHEN THE ANIMAL IS NOT UNDERGOING ANY REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS- PREGNANCY |
| HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES | GnRH |
| GnRH | GONADOTROPIN- RELEASING HORMONE |
| ANTERIOR PITUITARY RELEASES | FSH |
| FSH | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE |
| TRAVELS THRU THE BLOODSTREAM TO THE OVARIES WHERE IT INITIATES FOLLICLE STIMULATING ACTION, CAUSING GROWTH OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES WHICH CONTAIN THE EGG OR OOCYST | FSH |
| GROWING FOLLICLE RELEASES | ESTROGEN |
| SEXUAL BEHAVIORS EXHIBITED BY THE FEMALE | ESTROGEN |
| ESTROGEN SURGE BY FOLLICLE STIMULATES RELEASE OF GnRH FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS WHICH RELEASES | LH |
| LUTENIZING HORMONE CAUSES THE MATURE FOLLICLE TO OVULATE-OVULATION IS THE RELEASE OF THE OOXYTE FROM THE OVARY INTO THE OVADUCT | LH |
| AFTER OVULATION FOLLICLE TURNS INTO CL MAKES | PROGESTERONE |
| INFUNDIBULUM CATCHES TEH RELEASED EGG AND PULLS IT INOT THE | AMPULLA PART OF THE OVADUCT |
| AT THE JUNCTION OF THE AMPULLA AND ISTHMUS IS WHERE | FERTILIZATION OCCURS AND STAYS HERE FOR SEVERAL DAYS |
| IF NO PREGNANCY | PROSTAGLANDIN IS RELEASED LYSING THE CORPUS LUTEUM, HEAT CYCLE REPEATS |
| IF PREGNANCY IS PRESENT | PROGESTERONE CONTINUES |
| EMBRYONIC DISK TO | FETUS ONCE ORGANS ARE PRESENT |
| PLACENTA DEVELOPS FROM SPECIAL CELLS | ESTRUS CYCLE |
| ESTRUS CYCLE | AMNION; CHORION AND ALLANTOIS-CHORIOALLANTOIS |
| AMNION IS | THE FLUID FILLED SAC DIRECTLY AROUND THE BABY |
| CHORIOALLANTOIS | SECOND FLUID FILLED SAC AROUND THE BABY-CHORION ATTACHES TO THE UTERUS AND FUNCTIONS TO TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS FROM THE UTERUS TO THE FETUS |
| PLACENTOMES | RUMINANTS |
| ZONE | DOGS/CATS |
| DIFFUSE | HORSES/PIGS |
| DISK | HUMAN/PRIMATES |
| FETAL HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY MATURE ENOUGH TO RELEASE | CORTISOL |
| ESTRUS CYCLE | CAUSES RELEASE OF PROSTAGLANDINS FROM UTERUS=CERVICAL DIALATION AND CONTRACTION OF UTERUS ; PARTURITION |
| PROESTRUS | ATTRACTIVE TO MALE DOGS BUT WILL NOT LET THEM MATE. VULVA IS SWOLLEN AND A SEROSANGUINEOUS DISCHARGE IS PRESENT |
| PROESTRUS LASTS | 9-10 DAYS |
| ESTRUS LASTS | 9-10 DAYS |
| DIESTRUS LASTS | 57-58 DAYS |
| ANESTRUS LASTS | 2-5 MONTHS |
| WILL ALLOW MALE DOGS TO MATE WITH HER, SWELLING OF VULVA DECREASES SLIGHTLY, BLOODY DISCHARGE CHANGES TO A STRAW COLOR | ESTRUS |
| TO GET PEAK OVULATION YOU NEED TO | DO BLOOD TESTS; CAN NOT JUST RELY ON VAGINAL SMEARS |
| VAGINITIS; POSTPARTURIENT DISCHARGE; | VAGINAL CULTURES |
| DISCHARGES DURING PREGNANCY; POSTABORTION DISCHARGE; PREBREEDING OR INFERTILE | VAGINAL CULTURES |
| PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS | ABDOMINAL PALP' HORMONE ASSAY; ULTRASOUND; RADIOGRAPH |
| RADS CANNOT BE DONE UNTIL 45 DAYS OF PREGNANCY DUE TO | CALCIFICATION OF THE BABIES SKELETONS |
| CANINE REPRODUCTION STAGE 1 | LASTS 6-12 HOURS OR AS LONG AS 36 |
| CANINE REPRODUCTION STAGE 2 | LASTS 3-6 HOURS BUT AS LONG AS 24 |
| CANINE REPRODUCTION STAGE 3 | COMES OUT WITH EACH PUPPY |
| DYSTOCIA | CONTRACTIONS FOR 30 MIN WITH NO PROGRSS; WEAK, INFREQUENT CONTRACTIONS FOR 2 HRS WITH NO PROGRESS; PROLONGED INTERVAL BETWEEN PUPPIES |
| STAGE 1 PARTURITION | RESTLESS, NESTING, NERVOUS, PANTS, TREMBLE OR SHIVER, BODY TEMP DROPS TO 99 ABOUT 24 HOURS BEFORE STAGE 2 |
| STAGE 2 PARTURITION | BLACKISH GREEN DISCHARGE IS NORMAL DURING DELIVERY |
| CANINE POSTPARTUM PROBLEMS | NORMAL TO HAVE NONODOROUS BLOODY DISCHARGE FOR 8-10 WEEKS |
| POSTPARTUM PROBLEMS 12 WEEKS | SUBINVOLUTION OF THE PLACENTAL SITES (SIPS) |
| SIPS | MEDICAL TX, SURGICAL TX, OR CONSERVATIVE |
| METRITIS; RETAINED PLACENTA; MASTITIS; ECLAMPSIA | POSTPARTUM PROBLEMS |
| METRITIS | FOUL SMELLING VAGINAL DISCHARGE |
| RETAINED PLACENTA | GREEN DISCHARGE |
| MASTITIS | FEVER, LETHARGY, SWOLLEN MAMMARY GLANDS, DISCOLORATION OF GLANDS |
| ECLAMPSIA | HYPOCALCEMIA; TREMORS, EXCITATION-TRUE EMERGENCY; HYPOTHERMIA, AND CONVULSIONS CAN OCCUR WHICH REQUIRE SEDATION AND CA |
| FALSE PREGNANCY; MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT; LACTATION; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; | PSEUDOPREGNANCY |
| PYOMETRA | PSEUDOPREGNANCY |
| USUALLY OCCURS DURING DIESTRUS; COMMON TO SEE AFTER A FALSE PREGNANCY; CAN BE OPEN VS CLOSED; LETHARGIC, DEPRESSED, FEBRILE., POLYURIA, POLYDIPSIA, LEUKOCYTOSIS, PALPATION, US, RADS, SPAY IS RECOMMENDED | PYOMETRA |
| DOG ACCIDENTALLY BRED, O WANTS AND ABORTION | MISMATING |
| PROSTAGLANDINS | FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS, CARDIOVASCULAR COLLAPSE |
| CHARACTERIZED WITH ABORTION AND INFERTILITY; VENERAL BUT ALSO SPREAD ORONASAL; DIFFICULT TO TX, NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TO CURE | BRUCELLOSIS |
| TX FOR BRUCELLOSIS | EUTH FOR BREEDING ANIMALS |
| TESTING IS NOT REALLY EFFECTIVE, LOTS OF FALSE POSITIVES | BRUCELLOSIS |
| INDUCED OVULATORS; SEASONAL BREEDERS-PREFER SPRING; ARTIFICIAL LIGHT CAN INCREASE CYCLE LENGTH | FELINE REPRODUCTION |
| NEED MATING TO OCCUR TO RELEASE EGG | FELINE REPRODUCTION |
| FELINE PROESTRUS LASTS | 1-3 DAYS |
| FELINE ESTRUS LASTS | 8-10 DAYS-OUTWARD SIGNS SHOWN |
| FELINE DIESTRUS LASTS | 63-66 DAYS |
| FELINE ANESTRUS LASTS | 2-6 WEEKS |
| FELINE PALPATION CAN BE DONE | 16-30 DAYS |
| SIGNS OF ESTRUS | ROLLING, EXAGGERATED LORDOSIS WHEN PETTED, SCREAMING, YOWLING |
| MATING HAS TO OCCUR IN FELINES AFTER THE | 3RD DAY OF ESTRUS AND MULTIPLE TIMES AT LEAST 2-3 HOURS APART TO INDUCE OVULATION |
| INFERTILITY PROBLEMS ARE RARE IN | FELINES |
| NEONATE COMPREHENSIVE HX INCLUDES | HX OF MOM, DAD, LITTER MATES, RELATIVES, # OF ILL ANIMALS, HOW THEY ARE RAISED, BEHAVIOR, NORMAL ENVIRONMENT, BODY WT CURVES, DURATION, SIGNS, MEDS GIVEN,MOM; VX DATES, ESTRUS CYCLE, BREEDING PRACTICE, MEDS/SUPPLEMENTS DURING PREGNANCY, PROBLEMS WITH PREG |
| PE OF NEONATE | DISTRACTED, POOR COOPERATION, 2CM BELL STETHOSCOPE, 84F THER, HYDRATION |
| NEONATE VENTRAL ABDOMEN | HAIRLESS |
| PE OF NEONATE | CHECK PATENCY OF URETHRA AND ANUS; SYMMETRY AND CONFORMATION OF LIMBS; OPEN FONTANELLES; BULGING EYELIDS; NORMAL NOSE/EARS; FLAT CHEST |
| SWIMMERS SYNDROME; FLAT CHEST | PECTUS EXCAVATUM |
| BULGES IN NECK | GAS IN ESOPHAGUS; ECTOPIC HEART; GOITER |
| PUPPIES = | PUDGY |
| KITTENS = | LEAN |
| FIRST 2 WEEK OF NEONATE THEY CANNONT | REGULATE BODY TEMP |
| HYDRATION | ORAL MM |
| VENTRAL ABDOMEN | NORMAL HAIRLESS |
| DARK PINK VENTRAL ABDOMEN | NORMAL |
| BLUISH OR RED VENTRAL ABDOMEN | DISTRESS |
| OPEN FONTANELLES= | SOFT SPOT IN THE TOP OF THEIR HEADS, COMMON IN SMALL BREED DOGS, ESP CHIHUAHUAS., SHOULD CLOSE UP BY TIME THEY ARE 6-8 WEEKS OLD |
| PRESENT AT BIRTH | SUCKLING REFLEX |
| PRESS HEAD AGAINST A BOWED HAND | PRESSING REFLEX, PRESENT AT BIRTH |
| HOLD BY HEAD, ROLL UP INTO A BALL; PRESENT UNTIL 3-4 DAYS OF AGE | FLEXOR TONE |
| HOLD BY HEAD, STRETCH IT BACK AND HIND LEGS; PRESENT AFTER 4 DAYS | EXTENSOR TONE |
| DORSAL RECUMBENCY, PINCH TOE OF HIND LIMB, NORMAL ABDUCTION OF LEG | EXTENSOR REFLEX |
| DORSAL RECUMBENCY, BEND HEAD TO ONE SIDE AND IT WILL STRETCH THOSE LEGS ON THAT SIDE AND BEND THE OTHERS | MAGNUS REFLEX |
| HELD BY THORAX, NECK BENT TO ONE SIDE SHOULD STRETCH LIMBS ON THAT SIDE, HEAD BENT DORSALLY THEN LEGS STRETCH AND HIND LIMBS ABDUCT | TONIC NECK REFLEXES |
| HOPPING REFLEX PRESENT AT | 2-4 DAYS OF AGE |
| ANOGENITAL REFLEX | LESS THAT 3-4 WEEKS OF AGE; STIMULATE TO URINATE OR DEFECATE |
| PALPEBRAL AND CORNEAL REFLEXES | PRESENT AS SOON AS EYES ARE OPEN |
| MENACE REFLEX | CAN BE PRESENT AS EARLY AS 2 WEEKS BUT USUALLY 10-14 WKS |
| WEEK 1 NEONATES | SLEEP 80% OF DAY; EAT 2-4 HRS; MOTOR REFLEXES; CRAWLING, SUCKLING, DISTRESS VOCALIZATION, |
| WEEK 1 NEONATES RESPOND TO | ODOR, TOUCH, PAIN |
| WEEK 1 MOM INITIATES | URINATION/ DEFECATION |
| DAY 3 NEONATES | LIFT HEADS |
| DAY 7 NEONATES | COORDINATED CRAWL |
| BODY TEMP AT BIRTH | 94.5-97.3 |
| BODY TEMP DAY 7 | 94.7-100.1 |
| DAY 2-3 | UMBILICAL CORD FALLS OFF |
| DAY 4 | FLEXOR TONE SWITCHES TO EXTENSOR TONE |
| OPEN EYES AT | 7-12 DAYS |
| NEONATE IRIS | BLUE-GREY COLOR |
| CORNEA NEONATE | SLIGHTLY CLOUDY |
| WEEK 2 NEONATES | CRAWLING, BODY TEMP RISES, DOUBLE THEIR BIRTH WT, |
| EXTERNAL EAR CANALS OPEN AT | 14-16 DAYS |
| END OF WEEK 3 | ABLE TO STAND,GOOD POSTURAL REFLEXES |
| NEONATES DIAGNOSTICS | JUGULAR VEIN, NO MORE THAN 10% OF CIRCULATING BLOOD IN 1 WEEK; VERY SMALL EDTA TUBE-0.5ML |
| CYSTO IN NEONATES | NOT A GOOD IDEA BC SKIN IS TOO FRAGILE |
| HYPOTHERMIA | VIRTUALLY NO SQ FAT=NO INSULATION |
| SHIVERING AND VASOCONSTRICTION MECHANISMS BEGIN AT | 6-8 DAYS |
| AT 6 WEEKS NEONATES CAN | REGULATE OWN BODY TEMP |
| GI MOTILITY SLOWS WITH DECREASED BODY TEMP | ILEUS |
| IF HYPOTHERMIC AND TUBE FEEDING | WILL REGURGITATE FOOD AND POSSIBLE ASPIRATE IT = PNEUMONIA |
| FOOD MY FEMENT | BLOAT |
| CAUSES PRESSURES IN THORAX= | LABORED BREATHING= SWALLOWING OF AIR= DOWNWARD SPIRAL AND ULTIMATELY COLLAPSE AND DEATH |
| BODY TEMP ABOVE 88 DEGREES | RESTLESSNESS, CONTINUOUS CRYING, RED MM, SKIN THAT IS COOL TO THE TOUCH, GOOD MUSCLE TONE, RR AND HR STILL OK |
| BODY TEMP BETWEEN 75-85 | LETHARGIC, UNCOORDINATED, BUT RESPONSIVE, MOISTURE AROUND CORNERS OF LIPS, HR LOW, RR LOW, NO ABDOMINAL SOUNDS, METABOLISM IS IMPAIRED= HYPOGLYCEMIA |
| BODY TEMP BELOW 70 | APPEAR TO BE DEAD- VIGOROUS STIMULATION MAY HELP |
| CHECK MM, NOT SKIN TURGOR TO ASSESS | HYDRATION IN NEONATES |
| FLUIDS MUST BE | WARM 98 |
| IP OR SQ | 2-3 BOLUSES |
| HYPOGLYCEMIA | LITTLE GLYCOGEN STORES AND POOR GLUCONEOGENESIS IN LIVER |
| HEALTHY NEONATE CAN MAINTAIN FOR 24 HRS WITH | NO NURSING |
| CLINICAL SIGNS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA | SERUM GLUCOSE <30, TREMORS, CRYING, IRRITABILITY, INCREASED APPETITE, DULLNESS, LETHARGY, COMA, STUPOR, AND SEIZURES |
| TX FOR HYPOGLYCEMIA | IV DEX SLOWLY IV OR IO AT 0.5-1G/KG PART OF A 5-10% DEX IN SALINE, SUGAR SOLUTION DIRECTLY TO GUMS |
| NO DEX SOLUTION | SQ EVER |
| NEONATAL ISOERYTHROLYSIS IN KITTENS | CATS WITH BLOOD TYPE A HAVE LOW TITERS AGAINST BLOOD TYPE B |
| CATS WITH BLOOD TYPE B | HAVE HIGH TITERS AGAINST BLOOD TYPE A |
| MILK REPLACERS, | MALNUTRITION |
| IF ONLY 3 FEEDING A DAY, THEN ADD IN SQ FLUIDS | MALNUTRITION |
| OVERFEEDING OR HIGH LACTOSE MILK= | DIARRHEA |
| STIMULATE TO URINATE | AFTER EACH FEEDING |
| WEIGH | DAILY UP TO 3 WEEKS |
| TUBE FEEDING | NO IF BODY TEMP IS LOW, MEASURE TUBE FROM TIP OF NOSE TO END OF THE CHEST, INSERT TUBE, NEGATIVE PRESSURE, THEN PUSH FOOD, 5 FRENCH FEEDING TUBE. APPROX 5ML OF MILK REPLACER PER 160 G |
| ANOREXIA, LETHARGY, DEATH, AND BIRTH DEFECTS | FADING PUPPY OR KITTEN SYNDROME |
| STILLBORN OR BORN SMALL, WEAK, AND UNABLE TO NURSE, RESULTING IN DEHYDRATION, HYPOTHERMA, HYPOGLYCEMIA, AND DEATH WITHIN THE FIRST FEW DAYS OF LIFE | THE FADING PUPPY OR KITTEN SYNDROME |
| FADING PUPPY OR KITTEN SYNDEOME | CAUSES OF DEATH |
| CAUSES OF DEATH | POOR MANAGEMENT, MALNUTRITION, INAPPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENT, CONGENITAL/GENETIC DEFECTS, INFECTIONS, POOR HYGEINE, INAPPROP TEMP AND HUMIDITY, OVERCROWDING, FREQUENT INTO TO NEW ANIMALS, INAPPROP USE OF MEDS, EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL TOXINS |
| TIME CONSUMING, WARM, CLEAN BEDDING, MILK BOTTLES, FEEDING TUBES, SYRINGES, A GRAM SCALE, COTTON BALLS, HAND SANITIZERS, CLIPPERS, KEEP WARM AT ALL TIMES, FEED OFTEN THEN STIMULATE TO URINATE/DEFECATE AFTER EACH TIME | ORPHAN CARE |
| FIRST STAGE OF WOUND HEALING | INFLAMMATORY |
| STAGE 2 OF WOUND HEALING | DEBRIDEMENT |
| STAGE 3 OF WOUND HEALING | REPAIR |
| STAGE 4 OF WOUND HEALING | MATURATION |
| THE PROCESS OF HEALING STARTS | IMMEDIATELY AFTER INJURY |
| STAGES OF HEALING CAN | HAPPEN SIMULTANEOUSLY |
| WHEN AN INJURY HAPPENS | BLOOD RISES TO THE SURFACE OF THE WOUND AND CLEANS THE SURFACE |
| THE BLOOD CONTAINS | PLATELETS |
| PLATELETS | ARE CIRCULATING IN YOUR BLOOD AT ALL TIMES; PLATELETS HELP CONTROL BLEEDING |
| BLOOD VESSELS BEGIN TO CONSTRICT TO | STOP THE BLEEDING |
| A | INITIALLY BLEEDING OCCURS |
| B | VASOCONSTRICTION(WE HAVE TO STOP THE BLEEDING LAST 5-10 MIN ONCE BLEEDING IS CONTROLLED- THE VESSEL DILATES |
| C | DILATING THE VESSEL ALLOWS FOR CLOTTING MECHANISMS TO GET TO THE WOUND |
| D | CLOT DRIES, SCAB FORMATION, PROTECTS FROM FURTHER BLEEDING, ALLOWS HEALING TO CONTINUE UNDER SKIN, SCAB DOES NOT PROVIDE ANY STRENGTH TO THE WOUND |
| HEMOSTASIS | STOPPING THE HEMORRHAGE WHILE MAINTAINING BLOOD FLOW |
| PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS | PLATELETS ARRIVE AND FORM AN UNSTABLE PLUG |
| SECONDARY HEMOSTASIS | PLASMA COAGULATION FACTORS FORMED IN LIVER GET ACTIVATED IN CIRCULATION |
| FIBRIN THEN CREATES | A MESHWORK OVER THE PLATELET FILLED INJURY FORMING A STABLE CLOT |
| VITAMIN K | HELPS MAKE SOME OF THE COAGULATION FACTORS IN THE LIVER |
| IN THE SECOND PHASE FIBRINOGEN IS CONVERTED TO | FIBRIN WHICH RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF A GEL LIKE MESHWORK AT THE SITE |
| FIBRINOGEN | A COAFULATION PROTEIN MADE BY THE LIVER IS VONVERTED TO FIBRIN |
| STAGE 2 OF WOUND HEALING | DEBRIDEMENT STAGE - OR CLEAN UP |
| STAGE 2 OF WOUND HEALING | STARTS APPROX 6 HOURS AFTER INJURY |
| WBC'S (NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES)REMOVE | NECROTIC TISSUE, BACTERIA, FOREIGN MATERIAL FROM THE INJURY |
| THESE CELLS AND FLUID MIX ARE TERMED | EXUDATES |
| EXUDATE | IS CLOUDY FLUID THAT SEEPS OUT OF BLOOD VESSELS TO SURROUNDING TISSUES AS A RESULT OF INFLAMMATION AND INJURY |
| TRANSUDATE | IS EXTRAVASCULAR FLUID WITH LOW PROTEIN CONTENT AND A LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY VERY FEW CELLS |
| INFLAMMATORY AND DEBRIDEMENT HAPPEN VERY EARLY ON IN THE STAGES OF HEALING, THESE STAGES ARE ALSO TERMED | LAG PHASE |
| STAGE 3 WOUND HEALING | REPAIR STAGE |
| STARTS AFTER THE INFLAMMATORY AND DEBRIDEMENT HAVE OCCURRED | REPAIR STAGE |
| USUALLY DURING THE FIRST 2-5 DAYS | REPAIR STAGE |
| DURING REPAIR | FIBROBLASTS ARRIVE AT THE INJURY |
| FIBROBLAST PRODUCES | COLLAGEN- THIS MATURES INTO FIBROUS SCAR TISSUE |
| WOUND STRENGTH INCREASES AT THIS POINT | REPAIR STAGE |
| CAPILLARIES APPEAR ALONG WITH THE FIBROBLATS, | FIBROUS TISSUE AND THE INJURED AREA TURNS RED |
| GRANULATION TISSUE | FILLS THE AREA-BENEATH THE SCAB |
| 1. FILLS TISSUE DEFECT, PROTECTS THE WOUND, BARRIER FOR INFECTION | GRANULATION TISSUE PURPOSES |
| EPITHELIALIZATION HAPPENS IN THE | REPAIR STAGE-ONCE GRANULATION TISSUE PROVIDES A GOOD BED FOR IT- USUALLY 4-5 DAY |
| GRANULATION TISSUE PURPOSES PROVIDES SURFACE FOR | MYOFIBROBLASTS-WHICH HELP THE WOUND TO CONTRACT (CONTRACTION PULLS SKIN EDGES TOGETHER) |
| GRANULATION TISSUE PURPOSES CONTRACTION OCCURS AFTER | ABOUT 5-9 DAYS |
| STAGE 4 WOUND HEALING | MATURATION |
| FINAL STAGE IN WOULD HEALING | MATURATION |
| STRENGTH INCREASES TO THE MAXIMUM IT WILL BE; REMOLDING OF THE COLLAGEN FIBERS IN THE FIBROUS TISSUE-MORE CROSSLINKIN=IMPROVED STRENGTH | MATURATION |
| CAPILLARIES DECREASE | LEAVING A WHITE SCAR |
| MAY CONTINUE TO MATURE FOR YEARS. WOUND NEVER HAS THE SAME STRENGTH AS NORMAL TISSUE | MATURATION |
| HOST FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HEALING | AGE. MALNOURISHMENT, HEALTH, CORTICOSTEROIDS |
| AGE | THE OLDER YOU ARE THE SLOWER YOU HEAL-PLUS CHANCES OF YOU HAVING SOME HEALTH ISSUES ALREADY, IE CUSHINGS, KIDNEY DZ |
| CORTICOSTEROID | VIA USAGE OR FROM DX- STEROIDS DELAY ALL PHASES OF HEALING |
| FOREIGN MATERIAL IN WOUND | CAUSES INFLAMMATION- SUTURES, SURGICAL IMPLANTS, DRAINS, ETC |
| SOIL PARTICLES | CONTAIN BACTERIA AND OTHER INFECTION-ENHANCING FACTORS |
| EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT SLOW HEALING | DRUGS; CORTICOSTEROIDS, ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS, PROLONGED ASPRIN THERAPY-ASPRIN AND OTHER ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS SUPPRESS EARLY INFLAMMATION AND CAN DELAY CLOTTING, CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS, RADIATION THERAPY |
| IMMEDIATE WOUND CARE TECHNIQUES (WHAT THE TECH CAN DO RIGHT AWAY | COVER WITH CLEAN, DRY BANDAGE, WATER-SOLUBLE ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENTS, NO ANTIBIOTIC CREAMS AND POWDERS, SUGAR AND HONEY= OK, HAIR REMOVAL FROM AROUND WOUND |
| COVERING WITH BANDAGE REDUCES | FURTHER CONTAMINATION AND HEMORRHAGE |
| KEEP BANDAGE IN PLACE | UNTIL DEFINITIVE TREATMENT CAN BE STARTED |
| OINTMENTS WILL KEEP WOUND MOIST AND DECREASE | MICROORGANISMS |
| ANTIBIOTIC CREAMS ACT AS | FOREIGN BODIES AND DELAY WOUND HEALING |
| SUGAR AND HONEY ARE | HYPERTONIC AND BACTERICIDAL;PROMOTE NATURAL DEBRIDEMENT |
| WOUND LAVAGE | TO REMOVE DEBRIS AND LOOSE PARTICLES; REDUCE BACTERIA |
| TISSUE SHOULD BE | CULTURED BEFORE LAVAGE |
| LARGE VOLUMES OF WARM, STERRILE, BALANCED ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS | ARE PREFERRD |
| ADDED ANTIBIOTICS | WILL DAMAGE TISSUE |
| MECHANICAL ACTION OF THE LAVAGE | IS MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR SUCCESSFUL LAVAGE |
| WHY IS WOUND DEBRIDEMENT DOEN | REMOVE CONTAMINATED, DEVITALIZED, OR NECROTIC TISSUE, REMOVE FOREIGN MATERIAL |
| HOW IS WOUND DEBRIDEMENT DONE | SURGICAL EXCISION OF AFFECTED TISSUE, ENZYMATIC DEBRIDEMENT(TRYPSIN PRODUCTS) HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS (HONEY, SUGAR) |
| SURGICAL EXCISION DONE | IN LAYERS STARTING AT THE SURFACE AND PROGRESSING INTO THE DEPTHS |
| ENTIRE WOUND EXCISED IF THERE IS | ENOUGH HEALTHY TISSUE AROUND IT TO CLOSE WOUND PROPERLY |
| ENZYMATIC DEBRIDEMENT USES COMMERCIAL SOLUTION CONTAINING TRYPSIN; | TAKES LONGER AND MAY DAMAGE NORMAL TISSUE |
| HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS SUCH AS | HONEY AND SUGAR ARE GOOD FOR CONTAMINATED AND INFECTED WOUNDS, DUE TO THEIR BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES |
| SLOUGHING TISSUE NEEDS TO | BE REMOVED |
| PRIMARY CLOSURE | FIRST INTENTION HEALING- SUTURED WOUND OR GRAFTING SHORTLY AFTER INJURY, FRESH WOUNDS ONLY, MINIMAL TRAUMA-CLEAN-MINIMAL CONTAMINATES |
| DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE | 1-3 DAYS POST INJURY-PRIOR TO GRANULATION TISSUE APPERANCE |
| FOR MILDLY CONTAMINATED-MINIMALLY TRAUMATIZED WOUNDS THAT REQUIRE CLEANSING/DEBRIDEMENT | DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE |
| 6-8 HOURS POST INJURY= | GOLDEN PERIOD |
| SECOND INTENTION (CONTRACTION AND EPITHELIALIZATION) | WOUND CLOSES AS RESULT OF CONTRACTION AND EPITHELIALIZATION |
| USED IN DIRTY, CONTAMINATED, TRAUMATIZED WOUNDS; CLEANSING AND DEBRIDEMENT NECESSARY; WOUND CLOSURE MAY BE DIFFICULT DUE TO SIZE OR LOCATION OF WOUND | SECOND INTENTION HEALING |
| THIRD INTENTION HEALING | WOUND SUTURED AT LEAST 3-5 DAYS AFTER INJURY. GRANULATION TISSUE PRESENT; |
| WOUND IS SEVERELY CONTAMINATED, WOUND IS SEVERELY TRAUMATIZED, EPITHLIALIZATION AND CONTRACTION WILL NOT COMPLETELY CLOSE WOUND | THIRD INTENTION HEALING (SECONDARY CLOSURE) |
| WOUND CLOSURE CONSIDERATIONS | TIME LAPSE SINCE INJURY; DEGREE OF CONTAMINATION; AMOUNT OF TISSUE DAMAGE; THOROUGHNESS OF DEBRIDEMENT; BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE WOUND; ANIMALS HEALTH; CLOSURE WITHOUT TENSION OR DEAD SPACE; LOCATION OF THE WOUND |
| AWE PAPPI | ABSORBS WARMTH EDEMA PROTECTS ACID PREVENTS PROMOTES HEALING IMMOBILIZATION |
| WHAT DO BANDAGES DO | PROTECTS WOUND,PROMOTE HEALING, PREVENT ADDITIONAL TRAUMA |
| EACH SHIFT OF TECHS SHOULD ENSURE THAT | EVERYTHING IS IN PROPER WORKING ORDER AND IN ADEQUATE SUPPLY |
| WHAT SHOULD BE IN EMG TREATMENT AREA | OXYGEN SOURCE(OTHER THAN ANESTH MACHINE) SUCTION AND VARIOUS TIPS,LIGHTING, AMBU BAG |
| AIRWAY IS ALWAYS FIRST UNLESS | YOU HAVE A PUMPER ARTERIAL BLEED |
| EQUIPMENT FOR EMERGENCY | PULSE OX- FRASIER SUCTION OR OTHER TIPS-SUCTION MACHINE-PORTABLE LIGHTING- AMBU BAG |
| CRASH CART BASIC SUPPLIES | TRACH TUBES/LARYNGOSCOPE, STYLETS, TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE, TIES (GAUZE) CUFF SYRINGE, IV CATHETERS, TAPE, FLUSH, |
| CRASH CART BASIC SUPPLIES | EMERGENCY DRUGS-EPINEPHRINE, ATROPINE, ,LASIX, LIDOCAINE, DOSING CHART, BATTERIES FOR EQUIPMENT, CK DRUGS OFTEN FOR EXPIRATION, SYRINGES, NEEDLES FLUIDS |
| WHAT IF YOU CANT HIT THE VEIN? HOW CAN YOU GET FLUIDS TO THE SHOCK PT | 18-20 GA BONE MARROW CATHETERS OR SPINAL NEEDLES CAN BE USED FOR INTRAMEDULLARY CATH |
| TRIAGE | MULTIPLE SYSTEM TRAUMA USUALLY GETS THROUGH THE TREATMENT DOOR FIRST. LIKE A HBC WITH BLOOD GUSHING OUT AN ARTERY FROM A MISSING LIMB ALONG WITH BLUE TO WHITE MM DUE TO HEMOTHORAX AND OF COURSE TACHYCARDIA DUE TO HYPOTENSION |
| TRIAGE TAKES INTO ACCOUNT | WHICH PT IS IN THE MOST DIRE NEED OF LIFE SAVING TECHNIQUES AT THE SECOND IT ARRIVES AT THE CLINIC |
| BLOATED, BLEEDING, BLOCKED, AND BLUE, AND SOMETIMES WHITE | EMERGENCY!! |
| ATROPINE | GIVE TO SPEED UP A SLOW HEARTBEAT |
| DOBUTAMINE | MYOCARDIAL FAILURE |
| DOPAMINE | DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT |
| EPINEPHRINE | V FIB- ASYSTOLE |
| LIDOCAINE | VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS |
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JODY84
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