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Question	Answer
Psychology	The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.
Sociology	The study of people in groups, in relationships, and in the social structures they develop.
Anthropology	The study of the lives and cultures of human beings, alive or dead.
Cognitive Psychology	Studies the mental processes in the brain associated with memory, learning and thinking.
Social Science Inquiry Model	The formal process that structures social research. Its stages are: identify a problem or question, develop a hypothesis, gather data, analyze data, and draw conclusions.
Case Study	A research method involving a detailed account of a situation.
Controlled Experiment	A controlled environment where conditions are established and monitored.
Observation	Research through observation and participation in a group's activities.
Control Group	The term used to describe the group in a experiment experiencing no change in its condition.
Primary Research	The collection of original data on a topic.
Validity	Assessing if a research method measures what it is supposed to measure.
The Monster Study	A speech experiment on 22 orphaned children with normal language development. Half were placed in the negative speech therapy group, where they were belittled for every speech error and told they stuttered.
Marc Lepine	A mass murderer who in a shooting spree, killed 14 women at Montreal's L'Ecole Polytechnique.
Physical Anthropology	The study of human beings as a species.
Archaeology	The excavation and study of human remains and artifacts to see how humans lived in various cultures.
Linguistic Anthropology	The study of the structure of language.
Forensic Anthropology	Identifies human remains and assists in the detection of crime e.g. DNA analysis.
Jane Goodall	A modern anthropologist, that studied the social organization of chimpanzees.
Galapagos	The islands off the west coast of South America were Darwin considered the concept of natural selection.
Survival of the Fittest	Species are able to evolve and adapt to survive. Over long periods, species pass these characteristics on to their offspring, which leads to continual survival.
Interventionism	A theory of human origin that argues that a superior power changed Homo Erectus creatures into human beings similar to modern ones.
Australopithecus	One of the first identified early forms of humans, discovered in South Africa.
Homo Erectus	One of our closest ancestors that is known to have first designed stone tools such as axes and scrapers.
Macrosociology	An approach to sociology that analyzes social systems on a large scale.
Karl Marx	Studied class conflict and concluded that the uneven distribution of wealth was a normal condition in society.
Structural Functionalism	Argues that social institutions exist because they benefit their participants.
Conflict Theory	A perspective/theory that suggests that an issue can be understood by examining the way power is managed. Argues that the law punishes powerful people less severely than it punishes the powerless.
Symbolic Interactionism	An issue cannot be understood by a third party unless the issue's significance to the participant is understood.
Socialization Agents	The term used to describe cultural institutions and people involved in socialization, such as family, school, and media.
Socialization	The way our environment shapes us. It begins at birth.
Values	Shared ideas and standards that are considered acceptable and binding.
Feral	An unwanted child deserted at a young age and raised by animals.
Genie	A significant case study that highlights the importance to understanding the influence environment has on an individual's development. Genie is suffered acute social deprivation in Los Angeles in the 1970s.
Self-Concept	The sense of who one is.
Third Gender	People who do not identify themselves as completely male or completely female either because they are biologically both or because their gender identity differs from their assigned sex.
Taboo	A custom prohibiting or restricting a practice or action (such as incest) since it is shunned.
Prejudice	An individual judgment or active hostility toward another social group.
Stereotype	An oversimplified mental picture, or overgeneralization, that assigns certain characteristics to particular groups.
Systemic Discrimination	Discrimination built into social institutions. For example, a physically disabled person is unable to work at a location because it is not wheelchair-accessible.
Outgroup	A social group toward which an individual feels disrespect of opposition.
Ethnocentrism	A belief that one's own culture is superior to any other culture.
Jane Elliott	In 1968, an elementary school teacher that led her students to change the way they thought about racism and prejudice. Each day she privileged those with brown eyes and blue eyes.
CNN Doll Experiment	A repeat of a famous experiment 70 years later. The experiment revealed that both Black and White children preferred the White doll over the Black doll and identified the White doll as the "nice" doll.
Subculture	A small group of people within a larger group who share common attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours that are different from the larger dominant culture.
Counterculture	Stands defiantly opposed to the dominant culture of society and rejects the mos prevalent values and the most important norms of society.
Cult	A type of counterculture whose social and moral views are rigid and are typically guided by a charismatic leader.
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel)	Group behaviour helps to shape one's identity.
Brain	What is physically inside the skull; its study consists of understanding the functions of its various structures.
Psychoanalytic Psychology	A process designed to uncover a patient's unconscious thoughts by encouraging them to discuss their background, feelings, and experiences.
Id	The instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle.
Unconscious	Can refer to unacceptable wishes and feeling that are beyond conscious awareness; being knocked out by a blow or when we are anesthetized.
Repression	A Freudian defense mechanism where unacceptable desire or impulses are excluded from consciousness and left o operate in the unconscious.
Electra Complex	The term used to describe young girls who are unconsciously obsessed with their fathers and view their mothers as rivals for their affection.
Latency Stage	During this stage in Freud's Psychsexual Development Theory, boys seek the companionship of other boys and girls seek the companionship of girls while repressing their sexuality.
Interpretation of Dreams	Freud's publication that outline that dreams were the "royal road to the unconscious".
Jean Martin Charcot	A psychiatrist that worked alongside Freud and introduced him to the concept of hypnosis.
Operant Conditioning	A type of learning that uses rewards or punishments to achieve a desired behaviour.
B.F. Skinner	Developed the concept of operant conditioning by designing a "Skinner Box".
Extinction	In operant conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response due to a lack of reinforcement.
Sigmund Freud	Developed the conception of human consciousness consisting of three distinct parts: the id, ego, and superego.
Carl Jung	The founder of analytic psychology that understood motivation as based on the conscious and unconscious mind, which together forms the psyche.
Karen Horney	Classified three personality types including 'compliant, aggressive, and detached' personality.
Harry Harlow	Discovered that rhesus monkeys preferred to spend most of their time cuddling a soft 'fake mother' device than with the feeding device.
Ivan Pavlov	A Noble Prize winning Russian scientist who started his career studying the digestive system and later devised an experiment that developed the concept of classical conditioning.
Abraham Maslow	The founder of humanistic psychology. He developed the Hierarchy of Needs to describe motivation. It explains that basic needs must be fulfilled before higher-order needs become important. The highest need is self-actualization.
Erik Erikson	Developed the stages of Psychosocial Development. He argued that humans continue to develop over a lifetime. Example, Integrity vs. Despair.
Obedience Experiment	Conducted by Stanley Milgram. It investigated why people are induced to obey unjust regimes, under the influence of an authority figure. 2/3 of participants were willing to administer a lethal shock.
Bobo Doll Experiment	Conducted by Albert Bandura. It demonstrated that children imitate aggressive behaviour modeled by adults.
Stanford Prison Experiment	A classic study where participants were given the roles of either 'guard' or 'prisoner'. Some prisoners broke down emotionally and became depressed.
Little Albert	An experiment that made a young a boy conditioned to fear anything white and furry.
Amygdala	An almond-shaped structure in the temporal lobe that plays a central role in emotion and the evaluation of stimuli.
Corpus Callosum	A bundle of fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres that is thicker and wider in females.
Frontal Cortex	The part of the brain, much like a C.E.O., that is responsible for logical thought and planning.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder	A form of anxiety that is marked by the tendency to perform an action repeatedly in order to relieve persistent, unwanted thoughts.
Major Depression	A mental disorder marked by deep prolonged unhappiness, anxiety, sleeping problems, changes in appetite, and possible suicide attempts.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	A type of anxiety disorder characterized by the reliving of a traumatic event through flashbacks and nightmares.
Schizophrenia	A mental disorder marked by delusions and hallucinations. It most likely requires hospitalization.
ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)	A developmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and overactivity.
CAMH	The Canadian Center for Addiction and Mental Health. Provides both inpatient and out reach programs to assist communities in dealing with mental health issues.
Birth Order	Some theorists like Alfred Adler believed that the order in which you are born can influence your personality.
Upstander	A person who takes action, particularly when the easiest or most acceptable course is to do nothing, when he or she believes something is right.
Bystander Effect	During a crime, victims are not assisted quickly if there are many bystanders. However, a fewer number of bystanders will result in a victim receiving quicker assistance. Example, Kitty Genovese was a victim of the Bystander Effect.
Chameleon Effect	The mimicking of the body language of a person with whom we are interacting. eg. while watching you twirl your hair in your fingers, your friend start to do the same.
Diffusion of Responsibility	People share the responsibility for helping and consequently no one intervenes.

Created by: satecAPS

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