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Poverty terms
Wealth, poverty and welfare terms AQA
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Global economy | The way in which trading and investment now span the world, hindering a government's control of the economy |
| Inheritance tax | Tax on wealth when someone dies |
| Inland Revenue | The government department responsible for taxes on earnings and wealth |
| Life cycle | The changes in a persons economic and social situation throughout their life |
| Marketable wealth | All a persons possesses (does not include their house or pension) |
| Pension | A regular payment made after someone has retired from paid employment |
| Personal wealth | Wealth owned by individuals. |
| Redistribution | The transfer of wealth from the rich to the poor mainly through taxes to benefits |
| VAT | An indirect tax charged on most goods and services. |
| Wealth | The ownership of property, shares, savings or inheritance |
| Income | An inward flow of money from a job or benefits |
| Absolute poverty | Being unable to afford the basic necessities of life e.g. food, shelter |
| Relative poverty | Being unable to afford the standard of living considered acceptable by the majority population |
| Consensual measure of poverty | A form of relative poverty based on the lack of goods and services deemed necessary by the majority |
| Destitution | The failure to obtain the absolute necessities to keep life going |
| Households below average income | The measure used by the British government which puts the poverty threshold at 60% of median income |
| Median income | The middle band of income |
| Operationalize | How sociologists go about finding a way to measure a concept |
| Operationalization | The transformation of an abstract, theoretical concept into something concrete, observable, and measurable in an empirical research project |
| Relative income measure | Based on having only a certain proportion of average income of the society |
| Social exclusion | When people suffer a series of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes and poor housing |
| Composition of the poor | A way of analyzing poverty figures by illustrating which groups provide the largest proportions of people living in poverty |
| Economic status | A way of classifying poor people on how they obtain their income |
| Disposable income | How much money a person has left after paying taxes, bills etc. |
| Household status | Used interchangeably with family status |
| Low pay | Earning less than the average male wage |
| Older people | People of pensionable age or over |
| Risk groups | A way of analyzing poverty figures by the their chance of being in poverty |
| Citizenship | The belief that people living in British society have certain 'rights' including the right to a decent standard of living |
| Culture of poverty | A set of values that some poorer people in a society share, which they pass on to their children. This leads to the culture of poverty |
| Dependency | The state of being dependent on the hard work of others |
| Exclusion | The idea that some people are prevented from being able to get on with life and enjoy the benefits of an affluent society |
| Fatalism | Acceptance that what happens is the result of luck or fate |
| Hidden economy | The 'cash in hand' work that is never reported to the Inland Revenue |
| Individual deficiency | A person's specific faults or weaknesses which make them unable to get on with life |
| Individualism | The belief that individuals are much more important than the group |
| Stigmatize | To mark something out as bad |
| Underclass | A term first used by Charles Murray to describe those people who he claims have developed a lifestyle that depends of the welfare state |
| Child tax credits | Giving wage earners additional payments for each child they have |
| Disciplinary tendency | Where people are forced into certain patterns of behavior e.g. the unemployed being forced to undertake skills training or lose their benefits |
| Entrepeneur | Person who takes risks in order to to make a profit |
| Minimum wage | The lowest legal wage an employer can pay |
| Poverty trap | Wages being lower than the welfare benefits they were receiving when unemployed |
| Tax credits | A way of helping people in low wage jobs or part time employment. People in this kind of work have their tax adjusted so that the government will add money to their salary |
| Tax incentives | Encouraging a particular course of action by rewarding people with tax relief or extra tax benefits |
| Welfare benefits | The financial support the government gives people as part of the welfare state e.g. disability benefits and pensions |
| Welfare state | A system of welfare benefits and services provided by the central or local government. |
| Beveridge Report | Introduced the welfare state in the UK |
| Private organisations | Organisations that provide services in order to make a profit |
| Informal care | Care provided by family or friends |
| Mixed economy | Welfare provided by both informal, voluntary and private organisations |
| Monopoly | A situation where there is only one provider of goods or services, so no competition |
| Pluralism | Society consisting of competing groups seeking to get the best for themselves |
| Selectivism | Only those with limited financial resources should receive welfare benefits |
| Universalism | The belief that everyone should receive welfare benefits |
| Voluntary organisations | Health and welfare organisations that do not seek to make any profit |
| Welfare regime | Categorizing similar types of welfare provision in different countries |
Created by:
Emma_Schofield
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