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Key ideas
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Topic One: True or false: The Inland Revenue DOES NOT conduct a yearly assessment of wealth | True |
| Topic One: What are the two ways researchers obtain information on wealth? | 1) Inland Revenue statistics based on inheritance tax 2) Asking a sample of rich people the extent of their wealth through SURVEYS |
| Topic One: In the 1920's, what percentage of people owned over 60% of all marketable wealth? | 1 per cent |
| Topic One: In the 1970's, what percentage of wealth did the wealthiest 10% own? | 50 per cent of wealth |
| Topic One: Which is more evenly distributed: Income or wealth? | Income |
| Topic One: Give four examples of redistribution (taxes and benefits) in the UK | 1) Direct taxes (progressive) 2) Indirect taxes (VAT) 3) Cash benefits (Job seekers Allowance) 4) Benefits in kind (Education, healthcare) |
| Topic One: What are the four explanations for increases in income inequality? | 1) Government policy: Changes in taxation has lowered taxes on the rich and state benefits have declined 2) Two earner households 3) Growth of lone parent families 4) Job security (employment patterns are changing) |
| Topic One: What are the four main explanations in the retention of wealth? | 1) Globalization 2) Nature of the tax system 3) Political decisions 4) Entrepreneurial talent |
| Topic One: What is the Weberian based explanation for inequalities in wealth and income? | The Weberian Approach suggests that society is best seen as various interest groups competing among themselves to ensure they benefit the most. This results in powerful groups finding other ways to retain wealth and get the highest income. |
| Topic One: How would a global economy have an impact on wealth distribution in the UK? | 'Global economy' refers to the way in which investment and trading now spans the whole world. If the UK government were to seek to take away some of a person's wealth, they would move it abroad which would have a huge impact on the economy |
| Topic One: Why is it difficult to define wealth? | 1) It is difficult to determine exactly what wealth is or what 'constitutes wealth' 2) People may hide their wealth |
| Topic Two: Who first defined absolute poverty and when? | Seebohm Rowntree in the 19th Century |
| Topic Two: Two find out the amount of income a person needed, what three things did Rowntree add together? | 1) The costs of a very basic diet 2) The costs of purchasing a minimum amount of clothes at minimum quality 3) The rent for a basic level of housing |
| Topic Two: Who devised a 'Budget Standards Measure' in relation to absolute poverty? | Bradshaw 1990 |
| Topic Two: What does the Households Below Average Income say about relative poverty? | If a household receives less than 60% of the median British income, they are in poverty |
| Topic Two: Who improved Townsend's Deprivation Index? | Mack and Lansley |
| Topic Two: Give two examples of how researchers have operationalized the relative poverty concept | 1) The Relative Income Measure (HBAI) 2) A consensual measure (the possessions and services the majority of people think are necessary) |
| Topic Two: Social exclusion: What indicators did the New Policy Institute measure levels of? | Income; Employment; Educational attainment and mental and physical health etc. |
| Topic Three: What are the two ways of classifying people when measuring the extent of poverty? | 1) Family type/household status (e.g. 'lone parent family') 2) By economic status (unemployed, employed) |
| Topic Three: Approximately what percentage of people are living in poverty in the UK? | Around 22% |
| Topic Three: What are the implications of the two ways of classifying and measuring those in poverty? | The economic status of a household and the family status are largely the same thing |
| Topic Three: Why is long term unemployment much worse than short term unemployment? | After 3 months of unemployment, the average disposable income of a family drops by as much as 59% |
| Topic Three: Who are the groups most likely to be in poverty? | Lone parent families, children, the unemployed, women, the low paid, disabled people, older people and ethnic minorities |
| Topic Three: What areas of the UK are the most likely to be poor? | Wales, North East, Inner London and Yorkshire |
| Topic Three: What are the three explanations linked to why poverty exists? | Dependency, situational and structuralist |
| Topic Four: Which three sociologists are linked with the dependency explanation of poverty? | Marsland, Murray and Lewis |
| Topic Four: What did Oscar Lewis say about poor people in a class stratified society? | Poor people in a class stratified society were likely to develop a set of cultural values that trap them in poverty |
| Topic Four: Who suggested a CULTURE of poverty? | Oscar Lewis |
| Topic Four: What are the three cultural values that prevent people from breaking out of poverty, according to Lewis? | Fatalism, inability to think long term and a desire for immediate enjoyment |
| Topic Four: Give one criticism of the culture of poverty | Cultural values are a rational reaction to conditions of hopelessness. |
| Topic Four: What did Murray do in relation to the existence of poverty? | Developed the 'underclass' |
| Topic Four: What does the underclass definition say that the bulk of poverty is caused by? | Lazy people who do not want to work for themselves |
| Topic Four: How do the working class distinguish themselves from other people, according to Murray? | Crime, illegitimacy and economic activity (the idea of a hidden economy with them collecting benefits) |
| Topic Four: Give one criticism of the Underclass approach | It is factually wrong. There is no evidence from surveys that a group that rejects work ethic exists. |
| Topic Four: What does Marsland say about the welfare state? | The welfare state has undermined an individuals will to work buy giving out over generous benefits, therefore creating a DEPENDENCY CULTURE |
| Topic Four: What did Liebow do in relation to explaining why poverty exists? | Evaluated the culture of poverty, and said that the poor are constrained by the facts of their situation (low income ECT) and act the way they do because of this, rather than it be a 'culture' |
| Topic Four: Summarize the Marxist explanation of poverty | CAPITALISM: Poverty exists because the economy is controlled by the small ruling class, who exploit the majority working population with low wages. |
| Topic Four: What does the Weberian approach say poverty is caused by? | Lack of power in the labour market. The least powerful groups, such as women are likely to be in low paid, short term employment which results in poverty. Poverty remains because the poor lack the power to change their position. |
| Topic Four: Explain the functionalist approach to why poverty exists | Poverty is important to the stability of society because it ensures that the dirty work is done regardless; it creates jobs i.e. social work; provides necessary incentives for people to work to keep out of poverty themselves |
| Topic Four: Name two FUNCTIONALISTS who explained the existence of poverty | Davis and Moore |
| Topic Four: What did the FUNCTIONALISTS Davis and Moore say about the existence of poverty? | The existence of poverty has important functions in contributing to the maintenance and stability of society. |
| Topic Four: In relation to why poverty exists, who adopted the Weberian approach? | Townsend |
| Topic Four: Name two Marxists who are linked to the Marxist approach to why poverty exists | Westergaard and Resler |
| Topic Four: What are the 3 STRUCTURALIST approaches to why poverty exists? | Marxist, Functionalist, Weberian |
| Topic Four: Which sociologist introduced a situational explanation to why poverty exists? | Liebow |
| Topic Four: Which three sociologists are associated with the dependency/behavioural explanations of poverty? | Marsland (Dependency culture); Lewis (Culture of poverty) and Murray (the Underclass) |
| Topic Four: Name the two mark scheme ideas on Marxism for why poverty exists | Capitalism and Exploitation |
| Topic Four:Why do sociologists mean by 'exclusion based approaches' to why poverty exists? | The poor are poor because they are prevented from a reasonable standard of living by the actions of the more powerful in society |
| Topic Four:Which 'structural' explanations on why poverty exists could also be called 'exclusion' based explanations? | Weberian, Marxist and Citizenship |
| Topic Four: According to Field, which three groups have been excluded from the rights of citizenship? | Long term unemployed, lone parent families and those on state pensions |
| Topic Five: Which four approaches have looked at the ways of solving poverty? | New Right; Social Democratic; 'Third Way' and Marxist |
| Topic Five: Which sociologist was linked to the New Right approach? | Marsland |
| Topic Five: What does the New Right theorist Marsland say is the cause of poverty? | Wealth directly and indirectly causes poverty |
| Topic Five: According to the New Right response to poverty, how does wealth DIRECTLY cause poverty? | The Welfare State undermines the will to work by providing free healthcare ect, plus financial support for those who don't want to work. Those who want to live off state benefits can, but place a burden on those who work through increased taxes. |
| Topic Five: According the the New Right response to poverty, how does wealth INDIRECTLY cause poverty? | The Welfare State is the largest area of government spending. Without the costs of this, taxes would be lower. This discourages entrepreneurs to start businesses & hinders other businesses with heavy taxes |
| Topic Five: Which approach says that there must be inequality because only a few can be successful? | New Right approach |
| Topic Five: Give one criticism of the New Right approach to solving poverty | 1) Poverty would actually increase if the welfare state was abolished: welfare and minimum wage help to protect workers from exploitative employers |
| Topic Five: How does the New Right approach suggest that poverty could be avoided? | By getting rid of the Welfare State |
| Topic Five: What is the Social Democratic approach to combating poverty? | Poverty can be eliminated by means of welfare benefits provided by the state going to those who are in poverty through no fault of their own, and do not judge whether someone deserves them or not |
| Topic Five: Name one sociologist who was a social democrat | Crosland |
| Topic Five: Which approach to combating poverty underpins the welfare state from the late 1940's to early 1980's and has now been moving towards the third way/late modernity model? | Social democratic approach |
| Topic Five: How did Giddens (a late modernity writer) criticize the Social Democratic approach? | He said that it has failed to respond to the SOCIAL, POLITICAL and ECONOMIC changes which have occurred since the 1980's in the UK |
| Topic Five: How is the poverty trap linked in with a criticism of the social democratic approach? | Single mothers want to work, but they were caught in a poverty trap- state benefits outweighed the income they received, so there was not an incentive to work. However, the state benefits were still too low. |
| Topic Five: Since the 1990's, which government has moved towards what they call the 'Late Modernity' or 'Third Way' model of abolishing poverty? | Labour government |
| Topic Five: Who was the Late Modernity model influenced by? | Giddens |
| Topic Five: What did the Late Modernity writer Giddens say in his writings on improving the welfare state and combating poverty? | Social and economic changes were occurring in the western world and that new social institutions including welfare, needed to be created in response to these changes |
| Topic Five: Which approach to combating poverty is linked to social exclusion? | Late modernity/Third way |
| Topic Five: According to Giddens, what would result in a large amount of unemployed people? | Only having one skill, and new jobs being created that did not require that skill |
| Topic Five: With the late modernity approach, how are people encouraged in to work? | Skills training programmes for youths and long term unemployed, childcare payments for lone parents, minimum wage, tax incentives (to ensure those who do work are better off than those who don't) |
| Topic Five: Thirty years ago, only around 30% of women were employed. Approximately what percentage of women are employed now? | 70% |
| Topic Five: How does the late modernity approach encourage women to work? | By providing tax credits to help lower paid people pay for childcare. |
| Topic Five: Give one criticism of the late modern model | Minimum wage is too low for anyone to live on, so does not eradicate poverty |
| Topic Five: Which approach sees little place for the welfare state? | Marxist |
| Topic Five: Why does the Marxist approach see little place for the welfare state? | Poverty is built in to capitalism, and only through radical changes can this ever be eliminated |
| Topic Five: How does the Marxist approach argue that capitalism survives? | Capitalism survives by exploiting the majority of the population by paying the lowest possible wages. Those who own commercial organisations can only profit by paying low wages, which increases poverty |
| Topic Five: According to the Marxist approach, what does the welfare state help to maintain? | Capitalism, by providing a minimum standard of living |
| Topic Five: What do Marxists suggest the rich do to help eliminate poverty and have wealth more evenly distributed? | Give up ownership of their commercial organisations |
| Topic Five: Give one criticism of the Marxist approach to combating poverty | In a world of global capitalism, if the government did try to take money from the rich, they would put their money elsewhere, which would be damaging for the economy and result in more unemployment and more poverty |
| Topic Five: Where in the world did the government take over commercial organisations and what effect did this have? | Eastern Europe, which resulted in an authoritarian government and lower standards of living |
| Topic Five: What are the three outsider approaches to combating poverty? | Gender, ethnicity, disability |
| Topic Five: When did New Labour address the plight of women in the welfare state and offer new tax credits? | 2002 |
| Topic Five: True or false: Women are more likely to have lower pensions than men | True |
| Topic Five: According to Modood, women from which two ethnic groups have the lowest rate of employment? | Pakistani and Bangladeshi |
| Topic Five: Why are ethnic minorities likely to be snubbed by the welfare state? | The Welfare state fails to recognize cultural differences e.g. women not going out to work, in the welfare state this is looked down on |
| Topic Five: Which outsider group claims to be the most marginalized when it comes to welfare and poverty? | The disabled |
| Topic Five: Why does Oliver say that the disabled are unlikely to find decent employment? | Because they are stigmatized and seen as less able, making it hard to obtain decent employment |
| Topic Five: In the last 10 years, what legislation has been passed to giving equal opportunities to disabled workers? | Disability Rights Comission |
| Topic Five: How does the outsider critique see the welfare state? | As out of touch and ineffective |
| Topic Five: What is meant by tax credits? | A way of helping people in low paid employment, they will have their taxes altered so that they are given money, rather than having it taken away |
| Topic Five: Healthcare was largely based on charity until when? | World War II |
| Topic Six: Which report kick started the Welfare State? | The Beveridge Report, 1942 |
| Topic Six: What 5 giants did the Beveridge Report of 1942 attack? | 1) Poverty 2) Disease 3) Squalor 4) Ignorance 5) Idleness |
| Topic Six: When did the Welfare State officially come in to affect, and what did it coincide with? | July 1948, and coincided with the foundation of the NHS |
| Topic Six: How was one of the 5 giants poverty tackled? | Unemployment and sickness benefits |
| Topic Six: How was one of the 5 giants disease tackled? | Creation of the NHS |
| Topic Six: How was one of the 5 giants squalor tackled? | House building to get rid of 'slums' |
| Topic Six: How was one of the 5 giants ignorance tackled? | Free schooling |
| Topic Six: How was one of the 5 giants idleness tackled? | By encouraging people into work |
| Topic Six: What are the two explanations for why the welfare state was introduced? | Pluralist and Capitalist |
| Topic Six: How does the pluralist explanation see the introduction of the welfare state? | After WWII it would be impossible to ask the people who were suffering to return to employment, so a system of welfare needed to be introduced as a safety net for the soldiers, but to not disturb other groups in society |
| Topic Six: How does the Marxist explanation see the introduction of the welfare state? | It was seen in two ways: An advance for working class people emerging from class conflict due to capitalism, but also a way for the ruling class to control the mass population by providing a safety net (housing and free healthcare) |
| Topic Six: Esping Anderson suggested that all capitalist welfare regimes can be divided in to three main types. What are these? | Liberal welfare states, Corporalist welfare states and social democratic welfare states |
| Topic Six: Give a brief summary of the Liberal Welfare State | Provides only a minimum level of services and cash benefits. Those in need are means tested, and the poor, sick and disabled are helped by families and charity |
| Topic Six: Give one example of a country where there is a liberal welfare state | USA |
| Topic Six: What does a Corporalist Welfare State provide? | High quality health, education and welfare services organised by the state, but are funded by state support and insurance schemes. Usually conservative and provide less support for lone parents. Means tested. |
| Topic Six: What kind of welfare state does Germany have? | A corporalist welfare state |
| Topic Six: What does a Social Democratic welfare state place emphasis on? | Equality. High level of taxation and high quality services. Very little private provision of welfare. Emphasis on employment. State services are universal, as opposed to Corporalist and Liberal welfare states |
| Topic Six: Which country has a Social Democratic welfare state? | Scandinavia |
| Topic Six: Name the two arguments over welfare regime decisions | Philosophical and Practical arguments |
| Topic Six: What are the philosophical arguments against welfare? | Universalism undermines people's desire to look after themselves. |
| Topic Six: What do practical selectivists argue about universal benefits? | They are wasteful. People who don't necessarily need benefits are given them for free, when more money should be spent on those who actually need benefits |
| Topic Six: Give two advantages of universal benefits | Less bureaucratic to administer- you don't have to make judgements. It also eliminates the stigma attached to benefits as everyone gets them |
| Topic Six: Define a 'mixed economy of welfare' | The move away from a state monopoly of health care provision to having a number of different providers such as voluntary organisations |
| Topic Six: What are the four different welfare providers? | State, private, voluntary, informal |
| Topic Six: In the last how many years has there been a resurgence of different welfare providers? | 20 years |
| Topic Six: What was the main reason for the resurgence of a range of different health care providers? | The influence of the New Right on Conservative governments during the 1980's and 1990's (Thatcher) |
| Topic Six: Which government who followed Conservative in the 1990's incorporated the New Right ideology with 'third way' ideology? | Labour |
| Topic Six: How did the New Right criticize the state provision of welfare? | They said it was inefficient and of poor standard, because there is no incentive for the state providers to attract customers or save money- nurses get paid no matter what |
| Topic Six: In what way does 'discipline of the market' explain how NHS workers would act differently if they had to attract customers to make a profit? | If the NHS had to make a profit like private organizations, the employees would act differently e.g. more efficient, less rude |
| Topic Six: Since the 1980's, a number of reforms have been brought in to bring the discipline of the market to health and welfare. Give two examples of these reforms | 1) Handing over some areas of welfare and health to private organizations (e.g. housing) 2) Building NHS hospitals within private hospitals, which would increase opposition therefore drive up discipline |
| Topic Six: Who usually provides informal care? | Family or friends |
| Topic Six: Which commission said that around three times more women are involved in informal care than men? | The Equal Opportunities Comission |
| Topic Six: True or false: The Beveridge Report included the patriarchal assumption that women would be primarily housewives | True |
| Topic Six: Give two examples of voluntary organisations | Salvation Army and NSPCC |
| Topic Six: Give two advantages of voluntary organisations | 1) Provided cheaper than those with expertise 2) Are better able to respond in certain areas e.g. domestic violence |
| Topic Six: Give two disadvantages of voluntary organisations | 1) Often lack adequate funds to be as effective as others 2) As they are staffed mainly by volunteers, the care may not be as good as if done by professionals |
| Topic Six: What are pressure groups? | Organisations that put pressure on powerful members of society to implement policies in their favour |
| Topic Six: Give one example of a pressure group in the UK | Amnesty International |
| Topic Six: Give two advantages of private organisations | 1) Those who can afford to, can 'queue jump' and be put at the top of the list for treatment 2) The rich can also buy expensive drugs that the NHS does not provide |
| Topic Six: Give two disadvantages of private organisations | 1) Access to the private sector is only open to those who can afford it 2) Poorer people often have worse health, yet can't afford to pay for better quality care |
| Topic Six: Give two advantages of informal welfare provision | 1) Can be tailored to someones own individual needs 2) Is done out of love and kindness, so is free |
| Topic Six: Give two disadvantages of informal welfare provision | 1) Is not done by professionals, so may not be of a high enough quality 2) The government has to give Carers Allowance, so in the long term may not be cost effective |
| What is meant by a democratic or consensual measure of poverty? | A consensual definition of poverty is one that is agreed by most people in society (Mack and Lansley's deprivation index) |
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