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Substance use
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which is an ergogenic aid? | Any external influences that can positively affect physical or mental performance.Mechanical aids, pharmacological aids, physiological aids, nutritional aids, and psychological aids |
| The __________ research design delivers a treatment that is hypothesized to generate an effect to subjects and follows the subjects for some period of time to determine whether the hypothesis is correct? | Prospecitive |
| Efficacy is the ability of a drug or treatment to produce a specific result or effect | True |
| Which of the following statements is true of the Dietary Suppplement Health and Education Act of 1994? | Manufacutrers cannot claim that their products "cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent" a specific disease |
| Which of the following is not an important consideration in study design to detect an effect of a purported ergogenic aid? | Dose,The nature of the exericse/performance,condition chosen, Timing of observations, An appropriate depedent variable All of the above are important considerations in study design to detect an effect of a purported ergogenic aid |
| What are anabolic-androgenic steroids? | Synthetic derivatives of testosterone |
| Which of the following is not one of the many potential adverse physiological effects from anabolic steroid usage? | Testicular hypertrophy |
| Which of the following is not true regarding the history of doping | Doping is not a major problem in HS or College Sports |
| Which of the following is true of common side effects of AAS use in females? | Irreversible physical changes,Menstrual abnormalities, Deepening of the voice, Male-pattern baldness,All of the above |
| Where can you find valid information regarding the efficacy of supplements? | Peer reviewed journal articles and Magazines. |
| Which of the following is not considered part of the Gold Standard in terms of study design to measure the effecs of performance enhancing substances? | Case study |
| The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 states that a dietary supplement includes the following ingredient | Herbs |
| What percent of testosterone is not bound to binding protiens? | 2% |
| Which of the following factors does not impact whether research will be able to show an effect of a real ergogenic aid? | Bioavailability, exercise mode, and intensity, duration used in study, and duration of study (All of the above) |
| The majority of endocrine regulation is based on positive feedback control | False (negative feedback) |
| Testosterone is stimulated by which hormone(s)? | Luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone |
| What is the mechanism of action for testosterone? | Increased protein production and decreased catabolism |
| Each of the following is true about testosterone except? | Increases in femaled during puberty at the same level as males |
| Class A derivatives are more toxic to the liver compared to Class B and C derivatives | False |
| Why do Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid abusers use additional substances? | Increase the anabolic effect and minimize side effects |
| Bhasin et al. 1996 found that anabolic steroids in combination with exercise led to: | Increase in muscle mass and increase in 1RM |
| Steroid hormones act in a two step process as follows: (1) Steroid hormone binds to its receptor in the nucleus (2) the hormone receptor complex binds to DNA which activates specific genes increasing production of proteins | False |
| Which of the following is not one of the confounding factors that is thought to have decreased the consistency of results among studies of the effects of anabolic steroids? | Dosage, drug, diet,and age (all of the above) |
| Which of the following leads to an increase in testosterone | Heavy resistance, and short rest intervals (30 seconds to a minute) |
| Anabolic effects refer to __________ while androgenic effect refers __________ | Muscle building and masculinizing |
| What are the reasons for development of new testosterone derivatives? | To enhance potency, and to increase its anabolic effect and decrease its androgenic effect |
| Androstendione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are examples of ____. | Testorone precursors |
| Which of the following is true of the interaction of serum testosterone concentrations and androstendione-mediated impact on testosterone levels? | decline in testosterone in men of 1.2% per year after age 30,The effect of androstenedione on testosterone levels related to age.The effect of androstenedione on testosterome levels is related to starting serum free testosterone levels, Androstenedione su |
| An important factor with testosterone precursors supplementation Michaelis constant which demonstrates that enzymes favor conversion of adrostenedione to testosterone and DHT rather than estrogens. | False |
| Myostatin increases muscle differentiation and growth | False |
| Which is true about Androstenedione | works in dose dependent fashion,most conversions take place in liver,89% of converted testosterone is excreted without rentry into circulation. (all of the above) |
| DHEA Supplementation has been shown to | Increase testorone in women |
| What is acromegaly? | Result of excessive GH after epiphyseal plate closure,Soft-tissue swelling of internal organs,notably the heart,Swelling of the vocal cords,Generalized expansion of the skull,All of the above |
| Which is true about growth hormone? | Is secreted in an episodic and pulsatile manner,Majority is bound to binding proteins,Is altered by age, sleep, nutrition, and alcohol,Is mediated by IGF-1, all of the above. |
| Growth hormone efficacy is difficult to determine because | no studies were done in athletical population and no studies have used supra-physiological doses. |
| Growth hormone administration in deficient individuals has be shown to: | Increase fat oxidation and Enhance amino acid uptake |
| The following is true aobut IGFs except | IGF1 is known to be catabolic |
| Starting basal concentrations of IGF-1 dictates its response to exercise | True |
| IGF-1 administration has shown to decrease FFM (Fat Free Mass) and decrease lipolysis | False |
| What type of athlete might use anabolic steroids execlusively for their catabolism-blocking effects? | A long distance runner |
| Which is not true about hCG | It has been shown to promote weight loss |
| Which is true regarding insulin | It is a potent anabolic hormone, and it is often used in conjunction with other doping agents such as GH and AAS. |
| Administration of hCG to athletes characterized with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism due to anabolic steroid use was shown to | Increase testorone, increase DHT |
| Beta-antagonist reduce cardiac output by | Decreasing heart rate |
| Chronotropic effect refers to _________________ while Inotropic effect refers to __________ | Change in heart rate, change in the force of muscular contraction. |
| Beta-1 receptor activation leads to an increased chronotropic effect and a decreased inotropic effect | False |
| Which of the following is one of the many adverse effects of excess endogenous production of GH or administration of exogenous GH? | generalized expansion of the skull |
| What are some potential(ly) adverse effects of beta-blockers? | Bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, Arrhythmias (all of the above) |
| Beta-2 receptor activation leads to | Bronchodilation, increase glucose metabolism and lipolysis in the liver. |
| Beta 3- receptor has been shown to increase lipolysis in both animal and human studies, proving to be an effective tool to treat obesity | false |
| Which of the following is nott one of the effects of clenbuterol? | decrease heart rate |
| Which of the following is/are side effects of beta-2 agonist administration? | Cardiac hypertrophy, Infiltration of cardiac muscle with non-contractile fibrotic tissue, and tachycardia,(all of the above). |
| Which of the following fiber-type adaptations has been found to be true? | clenbuterol causes a slow twitch to a fast twitch conversion in animals |
| Short-term exposure to clenbuterol has been shown to increase transactivation of the beta-2 receptor gene, while chronic exposure inhibits beta-2 receptor synthesis in muscles | true |
| Beta blockers are used for which of the following medical conditions | Hypertension and myocardial infarctions |
| Which activities would beta antagonists have a potentional ergogenic effect on? | golf and archery |
| Beta-blockers: | decrease heart rate in untrained individuals, decrease heart rate in trained individuals, decrease training responses and adaptations (all of the above) |
| Illicit use of anabolic steroids usually involves | stacking with more than one steroid in a cycle |
| The following can be a dependent variable for measuring muscle strength | 1rm |
| Hypnotics are also known as? | Sedatives |
| What is the function of Sedatives? | to promote rest and sleep |
| What consist of the CNS stimulants? | Amphetamines, cocaine, Buporian, citrus Aurantium |
| What leads to an increase in physical energy, restlessnes, and excitement? | Amphetamines |
| What are the negative effects of Amphetamine? | Insomnia, irratibility, anxiety |
| What are the long term affects for using Amphetamine? | Cardiac pathology |
| There is alot of data that supports amphetamines being used in sports. | False (not enough data that supports it) |
| Cocaine is known to be | highly addictive, potent stimulant, no sport benefit, and have side effects. |
| What are the side effects of cocaine | Cardiac arrest, seizures |
| Bupropian has no ergogenic effect | True |
| Citrus Aurantium is known to be | Sympathomimec |
| What two combinations increases time to fatigue | Caffeine and Citrus Aurantium |
| What are the side effects of Citrus Aurantium | Angina, stroke, ischemic colitus |
| What is another form of sedatives? | Benzodiazepines |
| Benzodiazephines does what? | It binds to GABBA receptors |
| What is a GABBA | Chief inhbibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS |
| What does not produce normal physiological sleep? | Benzodiazephines |
| Benzodiazephines increases the duration of phase II sleep. | True |
| Phase II sleep decreases | wakefulness and muscle hypotonia |
| What are other side effects of benzodiazephine? | confusion, drowsiness, irratibility |
| Benzodiazephines are known to be | Addictive |
| What are signs of overdosage on Benzodiazephines | Impaired coordination, slurred speech, hypotension |
| What are anxiolytics? | Anti-anxiety drugs |
| What is RPE | A measure of how hard you are working |
| What is an antidepressive properties that has more effect than placebo and similar efficacy with standard antidepressant | St. Johns Wort |
| What are the side effects of st. Johns Wort | Gastrointestinal distress, dizziness, sedation, tiredness |
| There is no data on Bee pollen that support ergogenic claims | True |
| Herbal supplements can be classified as | Pharmacological or nutritional |
| Many believe that natural means they are safe | True |
| Why do athletes use herbal supplements | To improve their performance, help offset the negative effects of heavy training |
| What is promoted to improve memory? | Ginko Biloba |
| Ginko Biloba there is limited support about the moderately effective in improving cognition in dementia. there is no effect on alzheimers disease | True |
| Kava Kava is known to have anti-anxiety effects | True |
| What are the side effects of kava kava | skin rash, liver toxicity |
| Yohimbine has been promoted for male impotence and fat loss, there is numerous data to support the claim. | False, there is limited data |
| What are the side effects of Yohimbine? | Increase HR and BP, Insomnia, panic attacks, headaches |
| What is promoted to boost immunity | Echinacea |
| What have studies shown on the benefits of echinacea | Beneficial effects on immune function and performance |
| What is known to improve pulmonary function and exercise capacity in those with respiratory issues | Ginseng |
| Ginsent has no ergogenic effect | True |
| Antianginals is a common drug that is used in the treatment of | angina pectoris |
| What blunts the physiological response to exercise? | Antianginals |
| Antihypertensives is a common drug that is used to treat what | Used to treat High blood pressure |
| What decreases the riske of a stroke by 40% and CHD by 15-20%? | Antihypertensives |
| What is used to suppress fast rhythems of the heart | Antirhythmics (common drug) |
| What decreases airway resistance and facilitating airflow | bronchodilators |
| What is used in the treatment of type II diabetes | Hypoglycemics |
| Major side effects of Hypoglycemics | is hypoglycemia |
Created by:
slaroche