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Renaissance & Reform

Term	Definition
Renaissance	A rebirth of art and literature that began in Italy and spread to Northern Europe between the 14th and 17th century.
humanism	The idea that human potential and achievements are endless. This idea came from a Renaissance examination of classical texts. Often, Petrarch is referred to as the “father of humanism”.
Cosimo de Medici	A wealthy merchant from Florence, Italy, who was a great patron of the arts. His patronage helped birth the Renaissance.
secular	Because of humanism, people’s ideals became more worldly rather than spiritual. This lead people to live luxuriously, spend lots of money on art, and to question the role of the Church.
patron	A patron is someone who pays artists for their work. During the Renaissance, the Church and the wealthy merchant class typically filled this role.
perspective	An artistic technique developed during the Renaissance that allowed artists to portray three dimensional space on a two dimensional medium.
vernacular	A person’s “vernacular” is their native language. Renaissance writers like Dante popularized writing in their native language. During the Reformation, this helped many people read the Bible instead of relying on the Church to read it for them.
utopia	The name of the perfect place in Thomas More’s novel about a place without greed, corruption, or war. In Greek, this word means “no place”.
William Shakespeare	The most famous of the Elizabethan artists. Shakespeare became known for his plays and poems, which often drew upon classical stories.
Johann Gutenberg	A 15th century inventor who combined many existing technologies to create the printing press. This device would revolutionize how information was spread.
Indulgence	A pardon for sin that many reformers criticized because they were sold, which gave the impression that salvation could be bought. Both Hus and Luther were staunch critics.
Reformation	A movement of reforming the Catholic Church begun by Martin Luther that began when Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg.
John Wycliffe	Wycliffe was an English reformer who is famous for translating the Bible into vernacular English.
Jan Hus	Hus was a Bohemian priest who criticized the selling of indulgences. He was summoned to the Council of Constance for a debate, but instead was arrested and executed.
Lutheran	Those who followed the teachings of Martin Luther became known as Lutherans. This was the first Protestant church.
Martin Luther	Martin Luther was a German monk who found great fault in the selling of indulgences. He nailed his complaints, called the 95 Theses, to the church door in the Wittenberg, Germany. This was the beginning of the Reformation.
95 Theses	The 95 Theses were a series of complaints written by Martin Luther and directed at the Catholic Church. Eventually, his unwillingness to recant from these complaints lead to his excommunication.
Protestant	When some German princes signed a protest letter against the Church, they became known as Protestants. This term would come to be applied to all non-Catholic churches.
Peace of Augsburg	The settlement between warring Catholic and Protestant German princes that allowed for the individual princes to determine the religion of their states.
Act of Supremacy	A 16th century law passed by the Reformation Parliament that made King Henry VIII the leader of the Catholic Church in England.
annul	When King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, he requested an annulment from the Pope. This meant he wanted the marriage “set aside”.
Anglican	This is another name for the Church of England, which Queen Elizabeth 1 established after she took the throne.
predestination	Predestination is one of the teachings of John Calvin. It is the idea that God has known who would receive salvation, and this group was known as the “elect”.
Calvinism	The set of beliefs developed by John Calvin included the ideas of “predestination” and the “elect”.
theocracy	John Calvin believed that a government should be run by religious leaders. This type of government is called a theocracy.
John Knox	Knox was a Scottish preacher who carried John Calvin’s ideas back to Scotland after a visit to Geneva, Switzerland. He set up a church that was governed by a group of laymen known as elders or presbyters.
Presbyterian	A church that followed the teachings of John Calvin and followed the structure promoted by John Knox.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre	On St. Bartholmew’s Day in 1572, French Catholics began to hunt down and killed Huguenots, or French Calvinists. After 6 months, over 12,000 Huguenots were dead.
Anabaptist	A group of Protestants who believed that baptism was to be chosen, and that all who had been baptized as infants should be “baptized again”.
Catholic Reformation	In reaction to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church enacted policies meant to unify the Church. This movement was lead by Ignatius of Loyola, Pope Paul III, and Pope Paul IV.
Ignatius of Loyola	A Catholic priest who wrote Spiritual Exercises, a book of spiritual disciplines that gained him a following. Pope Paul III created an order of priests called the Jesuits for Ignatius and his followers.
Jesuits	An order of Catholic priests created by Pope Paul III for Ignatius and his followers. The Jesuits were concerned with education, spreading Catholicism, and stopping the spread of Protestantism.
Inquisition	a way to stop the spread of Protestantism and to root out heretics from the Church. This often included the use of torture and execution. In Spain, the Inquisition was used to remove all of the Muslims and Jews from the country.
Index of Forbidden Books	Pope Paul IV created a list of books that were not to be read. These books were collected and burned in hopes of stopping the spread of Protestantism and to unify the church.
Council of Trent	From 1545 to 1563, Catholic leaders met to address the issues that had caused the Reformation and to work out ways to stop the spread of Protestantism.

Created by: calebgunnels

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