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urban planning
Urban Planning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is included in an urban design plan? | existing & new bldg, parking, streets, trails, & landscape plantings |
| What type of compliance should be considered as part of urban design? | bldg height, lot coverage,setbacks, architectural style, parking, streetscape, signage, & mat'l |
| Daniel Burnham | wrote Chicago Plan in 1909 w/ Edward Bennett; plan featured waterfront parks & prominent civic bldg & applied principles of monumental city design & City Beautiful movement |
| LeCorbusier | promoted dream city in1920s which he called Radiant City, composed mainly of skyscrapers for a very high-density living & workiing environment surrounded by commonly owned park space |
| What type of urban design system was promoted by LeCorbusier? | large-scale grid of arterial streets, superblocks composed of high-rise towers, & individual zones for facotry, commercial, & gov't uses |
| Radiant City | example of modernism as promoted by the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (1928-1959) |
| Frank Lloyd Wright | advocated for a sprawling, decongested type of auto-oriented development |
| "Disappearing City" (1932) | Wright presented utopian visioiin of the landscape of America called "Broadacre City" where each home was situated on at least 1 acre & someone in each household owned a car |
| Loius Wirth | "Urbanism as a Way of Life" 1938 |
| What did Loius Wirth stand for? | urbanism & claimed that the density of a city influenced the behavios of people & their relationship |
| James Rouse | pioneered indoor shopping malls |
| Who used the model of a colonial village to build a city? what city? | James Rouse bilt Columbia, Maryland in 1960s |
| How did Rouse rejuvinate dying downtowns? | introduced festival market places inclduing Faneuil Hall (Boston), Iner HArbor (Baltimore), & South Street Seaport (NYC) |
| Kevin Lynch | "Image of the City" 1960 |
| What did "Image of the City" explain? | findings of a study showing which elements of the built enviornment are imp to ease people's understanding ot the layout of a place |
| What makes an imageable city? | networks of paths, edges, districts, nodes, & landmarks if they are not confusing |
| Jane Jacobs | "Death and Life of Great American Cities" 1961; discusses importance of design in terms of user orientation, mix of uses, safety, public sw life, & otehr factors |
| What was Jacob advocating for? | mix of uses, short blocks, & pedestrian-scale development to create vibrant cities & inc safety w/ continual activity & eyes on the street |
| Paulo Soleri | advocate for bldg underground to leave nature relatively undisturbed |
| What would be included in the underground structure Paulo Soelri advocated for? | transportation terminals, retail businesses, housing, & employment centers serving a population of 100,000 or more |
| Where was Soleri's major development proj? | Arcosanti, AZ began in 1970 |
| What is demonstrated by the Soleri development in Arcosanti, AZ? | concepts that architecture should be coherent w/ natural environment; that the built env. should max. human interaction & interaction w/ the natural env. & that bldgs. should not use resources wastefully |
| William Whyte | Social Life of Small Urban Spaces 1980 - reports findings of a study of factors that contribute to the success of urban spaces |
| What factors contribute ot the success of urban spaces (Whyte)? | aboundance of publc spaces, active street life, & ability to purchase food & drink |
| What was emphasized as imp by Whyte? | environmental psychology & sociology in urben design |
| Andres Duany | Advocate for New Urbanism or neotraditional design |
| What was encouraged by Andres Duany? | higher density development w/ a mix of housing types 7 commercial development so that using alternative modes of transportation is possible |
| What is an example of this type of development? | Seaside, FL initial sale of homes 1982 |
| Allen Jacobs | "Making City Planning Work" 1985 from San Fran describes what it takes to change American Cities |
| What book did Allen JAcobs write in 1995? | "Great Streets" describing great streets aroun the world |
| What features are part of a great street? | relative ht of bldg., interesting facades, presence of trees, orientation of windows, design of intersections, presence of places to stop & rest, & space for leisurely walking |
| Joel Garreau | "Edge Cities" 1991; defined as a distinct place that was not anything like a city 30 yrs age, that has at least 5 mil sq ft of leasable office space, 600,000 sq ft of retail & more jobs than bdrms |
| Robert Lang | "Edgeless Cities" 2002; dominant urban form w/ large, isolated, suburban office complexes that are not accessible by pedestrians or by transit |
| Philadelphia | planned in late 1600s by William penn as rectangular grid; included 4 squares ,(now parks), & a town Square |
| Annapolis, MD | designed by Governor Francis Nicholson in 1695 (alos planned Williamsburg); featured radial streets & compact urban design |
| Washington, D.C. | designed by Pierre L'Enfant in 1710, featured radil streets over a gridiron pattern, & applied principles of monumental design |
| Savannah, GA | James Oglethorpe 1733 featured a central public square |
| Detroit | plan designed by Judge Woodward 1807; never fully completed was to be developed as interlocking hexagons |
| Riverside, IL | Frederiack Law Olmstead & Calvert Vaux 1868 first planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities 7 residents could commute to Chicago by rail |
| How was Riverside designed? | as a garden suburb giving primacy to parks & greenways; heavily influenced 20th century suburban development |
| First skyscraper | 1885 Chicagopossible to build high rise b/c availability of steel |
| First Safety Elevator | Elisha Otis 1857 in NYC also made high rise bldgs possible |
| Letchworth, England | 1st Englich Garden City & stimulus to New Town movement in US Greenbelt towns; construction began 1903 |
| Forest Hill Gardens, Long Island, NY | Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr 1911; influenced Clarence Perry's neighborhood unit concept |
| Mariemont, OH | John Nolen planner & Mary Emery city founder & benefaactor;features include short blocks & mixture of rental & owner-occupied housing; foreshadows contemporary New Urbanism movement |
| Where is Mariemont, OH and when did construction begin? | suburb of Cincinnatti 1923 and finished in 1926 |
| Sunnyside, Queens, NY | Clarence Stein & Henry Wright 1924-1928 planned neighborhood designed; built by City Housing corporations in Queens |
| Radburn, NJ | Stein & Wright in 1928 influenced by Ebenezer Howard's Garden City; forerunner to New Deal's Greenbelt towns; features-aleeys behind houses, cul-de-sacs, communal gardens, & separation of vehicular & pedestrian access |
| Greenbelt towns | Gov't sponsored based on Garden City; Ex:Greenhills, OH, Greendale, WI, & Greenbelt, MD 1930s |
| Levittown, NY | postwar community began construction in 1947 on Long Island; Alfred & William Levitt developed model that changed house bldg using production bldg. or assembly line style of house bldg. |
| Park Forest, IL | Construction began 1947 finished 1949; Post-WWII planned suburb w/ a range of housing types; first privately financed, completely planned community ever built in US |
| New Towns | After WWII; Reston, VA & Columbia, MD |
| Reston, VA | (New Town) Fairfac Cty Board of Supervisors establish Virginia's first residential planned community zone in 1962; full-scale, self-contained New Town located app 18 mls from Washington D.C. |
| Columbia, MD | (New Town) built by James Rouse in 1963, lcated halfway bewteen Washington & Baltimore, featuring some class integration & neighborhood unit principle |
| Seaside, FL | planned community that features new urbanist principles such as comopactness, walkability, & mixed-use development, promoted nostalgic architectural style based on traditional neighborhood design (TND) principles; began con 1982; early ex of new urbanism |
| World's Columbian Expostition | 1893 Chicago; Danirel Burnham designed fairgrounds using principles of "City Beautiful" movement; B/c bldgs at the fair were painted bright white it cam to be known as "White city" |
| Regional Plan for NYC and Its Environs | 1929 Clarence Perry explained neighborhood unit concept that neighborhoods should be based on a distance that people can comfortably walk (about 5 minutes or 160 acres); neighborhood unti traditionally contains pop of about 6,000 |
| New York World's Fair | 1939 modernist exposition that touted the automobile & solving problems through science |
| Design guidelines | stds of design adopted by a city, community, or district & used to evaluate proposals for new development |
| What is contained in site plan review package? | maps, show location/orientation of bldgs. in proj., & design elements such as elevations showing what the development will look like |
| What is reviewed on a site plan? | local features should be carefully observe to understand how they have evolved over time so new development will be compatible w/ existing devleopment |
| Design review | documented, comprehensive, & systematic examination of a development proposal or site plan package to evaluate compliance w/ regs & guidelinesincluding requirements for safety & appearance; may provide opportunity to propose solutions for deficiencies |
| What features of urban design influence participant's reactions? | 1.compatiblity of land use 2.availability of public spaces for people to rest, dine, & socialize 3.integration of built environment w/ natural environment 4.aesthetic & func realtionship of adjacent bldg to one another & surrounding area |
| What is a visual preference survey? | asking participants to view different pics of streetscapes, site designs, building facades & so forth & score them; indicates degree the design might be apropriate in the community based on the score |
| What is the mapping approach? | figure-ground map used to clearly show the scale & location of built to open space & better understand relationships such as connectivity |
| City Beautiful Movement | stressed order, balance, dignity, harmony, and neo-clasical architecture; 1st expression at 1893 World Columbian Exposition |
| What is incorporated in a City Beautiful Design? | Civic improvement, parks, tree-lined boulevards, & bldgs organized around a public sq. |
| Monumental Design | derived from ancient Rome architecture, major organizing principles include an axis w/ similarly designed bldgs on either side of a centerline, tree-lined boulevards, & bldgs organized around a public sq. |
| Who were major proponents of Monumental Design? | L'Enfant & Burnham |
| Garden City | proposed self-sufficient, high-density communities surrounded by a greenbelt of agricultural land and open space - alternative lifestyle to indusrialized cities of early 20th century |
| Garden suburb | based on Olmstead, Sr.'s model design in 1869 of Riverside, IL suburb of CHicago -gave emphasis to curving streets & well-landscaped green space w/i residential communities |
| Sustainable Design | using renewable resources, not having a negative impact on the natural environment, & designing for the eneds of the current generation w/ an eye to possible uses by future generations |
| Vernacular architecture | locally available materials |
| Context sensitive design | referes to roadway design that is flexible, sensitive to community values, balances economic, social, & environmental objectives |
| Activity Node | place w/ increased ped trips, close to public spaces & transit accessible, mixed use, ped friendly, & street-oriented bldgs |
| Gridiron | lays out streets in a rectangular system, early NA cities were usually arranged in a simple gridiron pattern, made dividing up land a simple task |
| Cul-de-sac | popular in mid- to late 1900s; widely used in 1929 Radburn plan - make streets safer b/c no through traffic |
| Boulevard | wide thoroughfare usually w/ landscaped median |
| Gateways | Designated entrance corridors that signal a new destination or neighborhood ; Ex Chinatown |
| View corridors | sight lines or routes that direct attention to an object of significance such as rivers, mountains, or historic monuments |
| Street connectivity | greater connectivity, travel distance & travel time decrease & route options increase |
| Public realm | publicly owned streets, sidewalks, rights-of-way, parks, greenways, open spaces, & public & civic bldgs & facilities |
| Public Spaces | Ex: plazas, squares, greens; usually ped-friendly & well-landscaped civic areas situated w/i the city ctr |
Created by:
tmneal