a nomadic people from central Asia who occupied Bactria during the fourth century and then prepared to cross the Hindu Kush mountains into India

revived imperial authority in northern India; had a reputation for piety by accepting all faiths, building hospitals, and patronizing scholars

several routes: conquest of Sind, merchants, turkish migrants, the Sultanate of Delhi

Arab forces conquer Sind(the Indus river valley in northwestern India) by a well-organized expedition and incorporate it into the Umayyad Dynasty

took Islamic faith to coastal regions with the domination of trade between India and western lands

leader of the Turks in Afghanistan who intended to pluder the wealth in many well-endowed temples; demolished hundreds of Buddhist and Hindu sites and established mosques and Islamic shrines in their place

Mahmud's successors mount more systematic campaigns establishing an Islamic state, the Sultanate of Delhi; capital at Delhi; never overcame Hindu resistance

exercised nominal rule over southern India; naval forces dominated waters from the South China Sea to the Arabian Sea; maintained order by tax revenues

Kingdom of Vijayanagar

"city of victory" established a Hindu empire after renouncing Islam; fell to Mughal conquerors

wealthy state that dominated the Isthmus of Kra and controled trade between China and India; adopted Indian political, cultural, and religious traditions; fell due to internal power struggles

southeast Asian kingdom; financed major navy and bureaucracy on trade ship taxes; eliminated need of Isthmus of Kra; fell to Chola Kingdom 11th century

southeast Asian kingdom centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat; fell to invasion of Thai people

prominent tradinbg state with powerful navy that patrolled southeast Asian waters; predominantly Islamic

Indian Influence in Southeast Asia

Indian merchants trade Indian goods with southeast Asian rulers who gain regional control from profits; through trade and communication, southeast Asian rulers are introduced to Indian political and cultural traditions

moisture laden winds from the Southwest in spring and summer, and dry winds from the Northeast in the winter and fall.

the watering of fields during the dry season by canals and aqueducts, dams, reservoirs, wells and tunnels.

merchant trade ships commonly used in the Indian Ocean, Indian, Persian and Arab sailors favored the dhows, the Chinese and SE Asians favored the junks.

large warehouses on the coast of India that held trade goods from all corners of the globe.

an African Kingdom that was dependant on the Indian Ocean’s trade and converted to Christianity. It eventually led to Nubia’s decline.

the rigid social structure of India that allowed each person a niche in Indian society.

seasonal winds that blew southwest in the wet season of spring and summer and blew northeast in the dry season of winter and fall

systems of canals, resevoirs, dams, well, and tunnels that transported water across the dry, southern region of India and into the valleys that ar not reached by the waters of the Indus and Ganges Rivers.

Population Growth and Urbanization

between 600 AD and 1500 AD population grew from 53 million to about 105 million, and many cities, especially ports and trading centers, grew to have populations of over 100,000

trade of products such as iron copper, salt, pepper, spices, condiments and specialized crops that were only available in certain areas of India

dhows were Indian, Persian and Arab ships that could carry up to 400 tons of cargo. Junks were the chinese and southeast Asian ships that could carry up to 1000 tons of cargo

a marketplace; applied to India due to its ideal location between the East and West

The kingdom of Axum (Aksum)

a Christian kingdom that replaced Kush as the principle trading link between Egypt and the southern ands.

Caste Change and Migration

the integration of Muslims into the traditional Indian society, they formed new subcastes (jati) and the caste system became more complex and began to encompass a larger area.

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AP World History

Valhalla High School Bentley AP World Ch. 16

Term	Definition	Significance	Time Period	Chapter	Region
White Huns	a nomadic people from central Asia who occupied Bactria during the fourth century and then prepared to cross the Hindu Kush mountains into India	their invasions weakened the Gupta state and lead to their collapse; a period of kingdoms followed; soon after, Harsha established his kingdom	300-400 CE	16; p. 213,406	India (northern)
Harsha	revived imperial authority in northern India; had a reputation for piety by accepting all faiths, building hospitals, and patronizing scholars	temporarily restored unified rule in most of northern India; unable to restore centralized rule due to local kings and left no heir when assasinated	600 CE; reign 606-648 CE	16; p. 406-407	India(northern)
Arrival of Islam	several routes: conquest of Sind, merchants, turkish migrants, the Sultanate of Delhi	established a secure placement in the culural landscape of India	700-1200 CE	16; p. 407-409	India
Conquest of Sind	Arab forces conquer Sind(the Indus river valley in northwestern India) by a well-organized expedition and incorporate it into the Umayyad Dynasty	attempted to establish the Islam region among the Indian subcontinent	711 CE	16; p. 407-408	India(north-west)
Muslim merchants	took Islamic faith to coastal regions with the domination of trade between India and western lands	gradually attempted to bring Islam into the Indian subcontinent	600-1000 CE	16; p. 408	India(coastal)
Mahmud of Ghazni	leader of the Turks in Afghanistan who intended to pluder the wealth in many well-endowed temples; demolished hundreds of Buddhist and Hindu sites and established mosques and Islamic shrines in their place	hastened the decline of Buddhism in India; did not encourage the conversion to Islam	1000 CE	16; p.408	India(northern)
Sultanate of Delhi	Mahmud's successors mount more systematic campaigns establishing an Islamic state, the Sultanate of Delhi; capital at Delhi; never overcame Hindu resistance	sponsored Islam and helped establish faith in Indian culture	1206-1526 CE	16; p. 408-409	India(northern)
Chola Kingdom	exercised nominal rule over southern India; naval forces dominated waters from the South China Sea to the Arabian Sea; maintained order by tax revenues	encouraged trade and established loose rule over southern India	850-1267 CE	16; p. 409	India(southern) Coromandel coast
Kingdom of Vijayanagar	"city of victory" established a Hindu empire after renouncing Islam; fell to Mughal conquerors	allowed for Muslim and Hindu merchants to trade in southern India	1336-1565 CE	16; p.410	India(southern) northern Deccan"
Funan	wealthy state that dominated the Isthmus of Kra and controled trade between China and India; adopted Indian political, cultural, and religious traditions; fell due to internal power struggles	first known state to reflect indian influence; constructed elaborate water storage and irrigation systems	1st to 6th century	16; p.424-425	lower reaches of the Mekong River (modern Cambodia and Vietnam)
Kingdom of Srivijaya	southeast Asian kingdom; financed major navy and bureaucracy on trade ship taxes; eliminated need of Isthmus of Kra; fell to Chola Kingdom 11th century	powerful navy dominated trade and maintained all-sea trade route between China and India	670-1025 CE	16; p.425-426	Sumatra, Mayla peninsula, and Borneo (based in Sumatra)
Kingdom of Angkor	southeast Asian kingdom centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat; fell to invasion of Thai people	strongly dispolays Indian influence is southeast Asia through a "microcosmic reflection of the Hindu world"	889-1431 CE	16; p.426-427	southeast Asia
Melaka	prominent tradinbg state with powerful navy that patrolled southeast Asian waters; predominantly Islamic	one of the only Islamic states in southeast Asia; sponsored missionary compaignes to spread Islam	late 14th to 15th century	16; p.428	Stait of Melaka, southeast Asia (modern Singapore)
Indian Influence in Southeast Asia	Indian merchants trade Indian goods with southeast Asian rulers who gain regional control from profits; through trade and communication, southeast Asian rulers are introduced to Indian political and cultural traditions	spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, kingship, and court administrative systems to southeast Asia	began early as 500 BCE; largely seen during early centuries CE	16; p.423-424	southeast Asia
Monsoons	moisture laden winds from the Southwest in spring and summer, and dry winds from the Northeast in the winter and fall.	the monsoons allowed the Indian soil to reach its full agricultural potential and last during the dry months. They also enabled Indian trade vessels to navigate the waters of the Indian Ocean with the advantage of the predictable winds.	all time	Ch 16, pg 411	Indian Ocean
Irrigation	the watering of fields during the dry season by canals and aqueducts, dams, reservoirs, wells and tunnels.	after the monsoon season ended, dry Southern India depended on irrigated water from rivers in North India to water their crops.	600 CE – today	Ch 16, pg 411	South India
Dhows and Junks	merchant trade ships commonly used in the Indian Ocean, Indian, Persian and Arab sailors favored the dhows, the Chinese and SE Asians favored the junks.	they could carry between 100 – 400 tons and greatly increased the trade capacity and volume flowing through India.	1000-1750's	Ch 16, pg 412	Indian Ocean
Emporia	large warehouses on the coast of India that held trade goods from all corners of the globe.	the concentration of trade in India because of its central location and emporia made the population and economy boom.	1000-1800's	Ch 16, pg 413	India (South and Coastal)
Axum	an African Kingdom that was dependant on the Indian Ocean’s trade and converted to Christianity. It eventually led to Nubia’s decline.	it became a predominant African Christian Kingdom and controlled Indian Ocean trade to Africa.	1st - 10th centuries	Ch 16, pg 415	Nothern Ethiopia
Caste	the rigid social structure of India that allowed each person a niche in Indian society.	caste replaced stable imperial government in India and allowed foreigners to assimilate easily into Indian society.	3500 BCE - today	Ch 16, pg 417-418	Indian Subcontinent
Monsoons	seasonal winds that blew southwest in the wet season of spring and summer and blew northeast in the dry season of winter and fall	the monsoon winds facilitated trade and allowed the Indians to travel about the Indian Ocean Basin. They also provided a source of water for the steppes of southern India.	unknown	16, pg 411 section 2	Indian Ocean Basin
Irrigation Systems	systems of canals, resevoirs, dams, well, and tunnels that transported water across the dry, southern region of India and into the valleys that ar not reached by the waters of the Indus and Ganges Rivers.	they allowed for more successful agriculture and higher rates of production, which led to a growth in population.	began in harrapan times, around 1500 BC	16, pg 411 section 2	Indian Subcontinent
Population Growth and Urbanization	between 600 AD and 1500 AD population grew from 53 million to about 105 million, and many cities, especially ports and trading centers, grew to have populations of over 100,000	the higher numbers of people living in higher concentrations allowed for an increase in commerce and trade	600- 1500 AD	16, pg 411 section 2	Indian Subcontinent
Internal Trade	trade of products such as iron copper, salt, pepper, spices, condiments and specialized crops that were only available in certain areas of India	the increase in trade boosted the economy and allowed people, especially in southern India and Ceylon to amass great wealth	post-classical India	16, pg 412 section 2	Indian Subcontinent
Dhows and Junks	dhows were Indian, Persian and Arab ships that could carry up to 400 tons of cargo. Junks were the chinese and southeast Asian ships that could carry up to 1000 tons of cargo	they improved trade across the Indian Basin by allowing merchants to carry larger shipments of cargo.	around 1500	16, pg 412 section 2	Indian Ocean Basin
Emporia	a marketplace; applied to India due to its ideal location between the East and West	the ideal location of india boostd thier economy and encouraged merchants to migrate into India, which spread foriegn culture	600 AD and after	16, pg 413 section 2	India, China, Southeast Asia
The kingdom of Axum (Aksum)	a Christian kingdom that replaced Kush as the principle trading link between Egypt and the southern ands.	they tied the regions of egyot to the southern lands and the trade of India to the trade of Africa.	4th - 8th centuries AD	16, pg 415 section 2	modern day northern Ethiopia
Caste Change and Migration	the integration of Muslims into the traditional Indian society, they formed new subcastes (jati) and the caste system became more complex and began to encompass a larger area.	it accommodated social change and promoted the expansion of trade between people who had traditionally followed the caste system and those who had not.	post calssical area	16, pg 416 section 2	Indian Subcontinent

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