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AP World History

Valhalla High School Bentley AP World Ch. 18

Term	Definition	Significance	Time Period	Chapter	Region
Tamerlane "Lame Conquerer"	Turkish conquerer, leader of a Turkish tribe that expanded to empire after series of conquests. Tamerlane modeled his empire after Chinggis Khan	built a Central Asian empire around Persia, very powerful, deeply influenced Mughal empire, Safavid empire, and Ottoman empire	late fourteenth century, early fifteenth	18	Central Asia, Persia
paper money	paper that's used to represent bullion	Ilkhan makes people accept it for payments of debt to help the government's financial problems	early 1290's A.D	18	Persia, Mongols
Black Death	epidemic of the bubonic plague, nicknamed "Black Death"	destroyed several empires socially and economically in Eurasia (kills 1/2 + population, no one working, economy down)	1330's AD--1340's AD	18, also discussed in 22	South West China, Central Asia, South West Asia, Europe
Josef Stalin	leader of Soviet Union	moved Mongols to other parts of Soviet Union by force which gave Mongols sense of lost identity	mid twentieth century AD	18	Crimean peninsula
Samarkand	the imperial capital Tamerlane built for his empire in Persia	magnificant and rich, where Tamerlane was buried, basis for many of his military campaigns	official in 1370's AD	18	North East Persia
Sultan Mehmed II "Mehmed the Conquerer"	sultan of Ottomans	conquered Byzantine capital of Constantinople and renamed Istanbul; created Istanbul	1453 AD	18	Balkan region
Istanbul	used to be Constantinople, new capital for Ottomans	base for military campaigns which helped Ottomans expand over Greece and Balkan region; extend rule and power	14553-1480's AD	18	Balkan region
Ilkhan Ghazan	Ilkhan of Mongols in Persia	tried to establish paper money system but it failed and the regime went into a steep decline soon after his death	1304 AD	18	Persia
Osman	founder of the magnficant Ottoman empire	establishes a powerful and huge empire that lasts until the 20th century; leader of several military campaigns	early 1300's	18	North West Anatolia
Ottoman empire	Nomadic Turk empire founded by Osman	very large and long lasting empire; because of it historians know much more about nomads; empire of many famous leaders (Sultan Mehmed II) and conquests (Constantinople); most powerful empire in Balkhan penn.; take over Byzantine empire	14th century-20th century	18	Anatolia, Balkan penninsula
Kamikaze	The Japanese "divine winds."	The typhoons destoyed 4,500 Mongol vessels and thwarted Khubilai's plan to conquer Japan overseas.	1274 and 1281	18	Southern China and Japan
The Golden Horde	A group of Khubilai's brothers and cousins who controlled Russia.	Khubilai's brother, Hulegu, toppled the Abbasid empire and established the Mongol ilkhanate in Persia. Also, the Mongol khans decended from the Golden Horde maintained hegemony in Russia until the fifteenth century.	1237 to 1241	18	Russia
Khubilai Khan	Chinggis Khan's Grandson who ruled the Mongol empire from 1264 to 1294.	Khubilai extended mongol rule to all of China, where he established the Yuan dynasty, and Kubilai promoted religious tolerance in his empire.	1264 to 1294	18	Centeral and Eastern Asia
Chinggis Khan	"universal ruler" Established the Mongol empire	Chinggis Khan had forged powerful alliances between various Mongol tribes that built the largest empire te world has ever known.	From 1206 to 1227	18	Nothern and Centeral Eurasia
Marco Polo	A Venetian traveler who lived in Kubilai Khan's court for almost twenty years.	Polo's notes provided a valuable source of information about the Mongol age.	The mid 1200's	18	Northern and Central Eurasia
Lamalist Buddhism	A religious diffusion of Buddhism and native Mongolian cults.	Lamalist Buddhism was popular among the Mongol ruling elite and Lamalist Buddhits rulers recognized the Mongols as legitimate rulers and were in the Mongols favor.	Mid 1200's	18	Eastern Asia
Mongol trade	Mongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure safety of merchants passing through their territories	Long-distance travel became much less risky than earlier times and merchants increased their commercial investments. Distant lands became directly linked for the first time.	13th and 14th centuries C.E	18	Eurasia
Yurts	Tents used by nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes.	Showed a hint of civilization within Nomadic societies.	1000 C.E.	18	Asia
Saljuq Turks	Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire.	Developed most of the early/main ideas of the later Turkish groups.	8th-10th centuries C.E.	18,13	Asia,Byzantium,Anatolia
Ghaznavid Turks	Turkish tribe under Mahmud of Ghazni who moved into northern India in the eleventh century and began a period of greater Islamic influence in India.	Became the strongest groups of nomadic Turks.	11th century C.E.	18	Asia (India), Byzantium, Anatolia
AsiaSultanate of Delhi	Islamic state in northern India established by Mahmud's successors in 1206 C.E. that began to establish the presence of Islam on the Indian subcontinent.	Formulated plans to engage in complete control of India and southern Asia.	12th cenrury C.E.	18	Asia
Mahmud of Ghazni	Leader of Ghaznavid Turks; lead raids across northern India	Accelerated the Ghaznavid rise to power.	11th century C.E.	18	Asia
Mongols	Violent nomads who pillaged their way across Asia.	Lead to the destruction of multiple Asian empires.	13th century C.E.	18	Asia
Temujin	Unified the Mongol tribes.	Became leader of Mongols; later called Chinggis (Ghenghis) Khan.	11th-12th century C.E.	18	Asia
Karakorum	a Mongolian capital created by Chinggis Khan; modern day Har Horin	This served as a command center of Chenggis Khan's empire and symbolized a source of Mongol authority superior to the clan or tribe	13th century C.E	18	North Asia
Mongol Political Organization	Chenggis Khan chose high military and political officials not on the basis of kinship or tribal status, but because of their talents or loyalty towards him. Very powerful, yet small army.	Policies created a Mongol state which was much more powerful than any nomadic federation and also had less conflicts between clans and tribes	13th century C.E	18	Mongol Empire
Khwarazm shah	successor to the Saljuqs who ruled Afghanistan and Persia	The shah despised the Mongols and ordered officials to murder Chinggis Khan. Chinggis seeked revenge and completely shattered his army as well as the land leaving the shah unable to rebuild.	Early 13th century C.E	18	Persia
Khanbaliq	Mongols had captured the Jurchen capital and under the new name of Khanbaliq, it served as the Mongol capital in China.	Gave Mongols advantage to establish large control in northern China	Early 13th century C.E	18	China
Heirs of Chinggis Khan	the heirs of Chinggis Khan divided his vast realm of into four regional empires:the Great Khan, the Golden Horde, the Khanate of Chagatai, and the Khanate of Persia which disappeared within a century because of their conflicts	Mongol attempt to design a more permanent administration, though, it did bring societies of Eurasia into closer contact than ever before.	13th and 14th centuries C.E	18	Eurasia
Mongol Arms	Mongol forces relied on outstanding equestrian skills	Mongol horsemen were among the most mobile forces in the premodern world who suprised their enemy to either spare or destroy lives	13th century C.E	18	Eurasia
qanat	delicate irrigation system that sustained agriculture in the arid region of Persia which were destroyed by Mongols	resulted in a severely reduced agricultural production and contributed to the devastation of the land so it couldn't recover.	13th century C.E	18	Persia
Mongol Rule in Persia	the Mongols allowed the Persians to administer the ilkhanate as long as they delivered tax receipts and maintained order.	The mongols absorbed into Persian society by observing shamanism converting to Islam, and becoming tolerant of other religions.	Late 13th century C.E	18	Persia
Mongol Rule in China	did not allow intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese or to learn Mongol language. Mongols extracted as much revenue as possible. They brought foreign administrators to China and tolerated all cultural and religios traditions.	Many Mongol ruling elite became enchanted with the Lamaist school of Buddhism.	Late 13th century C.E	18	China
Chabi	Khubilai Khan's favorite wife who was a Nestorian Christian.	This symbolized that the Great Khan was tolerant of other religions.	Late 13th century C.E	18	Khanate of the Great Khan
Eurasian Integration	Since there was limited numbers of specialized workers, the Mongols resettled allies and conquered peoples to where they could best make use of their services.	This helped administer Mongol affairs and also supplied them with talent like soldiers, secretaries, etc.	Late 13th century C,E	18	Eurasia
Collapse of the Ilkhanate	excessive spending strained the treasury, and overexploitation of the peasantry led to reduced revenues. Factional struggles plagued the Mongol leadership, and in 1304, Ilkhan Ghazan died.	The last of the Mongol rulers died without an heir and collapsed.	Late 13th century-Early 14th century C.E	18	Persia

Created by: Team Incredible

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