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AP World History

Valhalla High School Bentley AP World Ch. 24

Term	Definition	Significance	Time Period	Chapter	Region
Urbanization	Rapid population growth, leading to a process of equally rapid building of houses and cities.	This lead to a major growth of inhabitants in Europe which in-turn lead to commercial and industrial centers.	1500 C.E- 1700 C.E	Chapter 24	Eastern Europe
Joint-Stock Companies	Individuals who invest in a trading or exploring venture, which potentially could make them huge profits with little risk.	Took advantage of extensive communications and transportation networks.	1500 C.E- 1800 C.E	Chapter 24	East Europe
Nature of Capitalism	An economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities.	This style of economics led to an expansion and prosperity of jobs and businesses in Eastern Europe	1500 C.E- 1800 C.E	Chapter 24	East Europe
The Putting-Out system	Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion.	This system allowed for entrepreneurs to make money by sidestepping guilds and moved production to the countryside. Enabling them make to make products without factories and only paying the workers for their services.	1500 C.E- 1800 C.E	Chapter 24	East Europe
Serfdom in Russia	The Romanov tsars restricted the freedoms of most Russian peasants and tied them to land as serfs. The institution of serfdom emerged as a labor system and required semifree peasants to provide labor services for landowners.	This serfdom was significant in the fact it made a new labor system and also lessened the vast population of serfs.	1500 C.E- 1800 C.E	Chapter 24	Eastern Europe/Western Europe
The Nuclear Family	Capitalism favored the nuclear family as a principal unit of society. Most European couples married late-mid-twenties- and set up independent households. They became more socially and emotionally independent.	This is significant because it made daily lives change to become more of a family life and capitalism offered opportunities for these independent families to increase their wealth by cultivating agricultural crops or producing goods on the market.	1500 C.E- 1800 C.E	Chapter 24	Europe
Profits and Ethics	Medieval theologians had regarded profit making activity as morally dangerous, since profiteers looked to their own advantage rather than the welfare of the larger community.	This made common ground between the different social classes as a way for lower classes to compete with higher classes.	1500 C.E- 1800 C.E	Chapter 24	Europe
Supply and Demand	The capitalist economic order developed as businessmen learned to take advantage of market conditions by building efficient networks of transportation and communication.	This development led to businessmen and company owners to wait for the market to be good and wait for a demand of a certain product(that they had)and then sell your product at a higher price value to make more money.	1500 C.E- 1800 C.E	Chapter 24	Europe
American Food Crops	Europe was a rapidly expanding population which reflected improved nutrition and decreasing mortality. The Columbian exchange enriched European diets by introducing new foods from America such as the potato, maize, tomatoes, and peppers.	The import of American Food Crops to Europe was essential and necessary so that the European population could live a more sustained lifestyle and have a longer life. They could stay well nourished and resist diseases.	1500 C.E- 1800 C.E	Chapter 24	Europe
The Ptolemaic Universe	The theory of Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria stressing the universe being composed of a static Earth surrounded vy nine concentric hollow spheres containing the celestial bodies.	The concept of an Earth centered universe appealed to the Church's continued efforts to control the scientific community.	150 CE to 1600 CE	24	Western Europe
Planetary Movement	The scientific attempt to explain sporatic planetary behavior when the accepted belief of planets was perfect celestial orbs.	Provided controversy within church accepted knowledge of the universe, which spurred the separation of many astronomers from church beliefs.	1300 CE to 1600 CE	24	Western Europe
The Copernican Universe	Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus theorized that the Sun was the center of the universe with the planets orbiting, including Earth.	Copernicus's views were a solid threat on current accepted scientific explainations of the universe, also a complete implication that the church was wrong, and that human kind ws not the center of the universe.	16th Century CE	24	Western Europe
Galileo Galilei	Italian Astronomer who further supported Copernicus's views, but was able to prove them with his observtions from his telescope.	Solid proof was provided against church teachings and many other institutions.	1564 CE to 1642 CE	24	Italy
Isaac Newton	English mathematician who was able to revolutionize the scientific world with steadfast evidense based experminents explaining physics and seemingly unrelated phenomena.	Newton made one of the first solid steps in the scientific revolution, also providing an unshakeable base from which to fight the church and its hegemony of scientific thought.	1642 CE to 1727 CE	24	Great Britain
Science and Society	Enlightenment thinkers of the day were collaborating and competing to discover and uncover natural laws that governed Earth and the universe.	The spur in the sides of all of the scientific thinkers greatly diversified the scientific community.	17th Century CE to 19th Century CE	24	Western Europe
Voltaire	Francois-Marie Arouet, an enlightenment writer who adopted the pen name Voltaire, championed individual freedom and anti church sentiments.	Continual encouragement from his writings urged the people of Europe to stand up to the church and to literally, "Crush the damned thing."	1694 CE to 1778 CE	24	Western Europe
Deism	Agnosticism in conventional christians and enlightenment thinkers; belief in a supreme god, but not the supernatural teachings of the Catholic church.	Redefined God as a diety, rather than a direct influence in life, God was seen to be a creator and than observer.	16th Century CE to 19th Century CE	24	Western Europe
The Theory of Progress	The belief that modern science was to make for a better and more liberal society governed by natural laws and not the church.	Spurred a cultural transition that weakened the influence of organized religion and encouraged individual rights and laws.	1500 CE to 1800 CE	24	Western Europe
Martin Luther	German writer, monk, university professor and theologian who attacked the sale of indulgences	called for thorough reform of Christendom, created Lutheran church and inspired Protestant movement throughout Germany	1483-1546	24	Germany
Reform Outside Germany	German reformers launched Prot. movements and establ. churches in other lands as well; also, after a conflict witht the Pope who did not allow him to divorce his wife, Henry VIII renounced Catholicism and turned England into a Protestant nation	Prots. appeared in Zurich, Basel, Geneva, Italy, Spain, and England	mid-16th century	24	Switzerland, Italy, Spain, England
John Calvin	French Lawyer, wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion", developed Calvinism	began reform. in France and Switz., prganized Prot. commun. and local offic. to impose a strict code of morality and discipline on Protestant Geneva	1509-1564	24	France
The Council Of Trent	assmbly of bishops, cardinals, etc. who met to address matters of doctrine and reform; specified Catholic doctrines on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical Scriptures, answered all Protestant disputes	council acknowledged abuses of church and took steps to reform it, demanded that church authorities observe strict standards of morality	1545-1563	24	Italy
St. Ignatius Loyola	Basque nobleman and soldier, actively fought Protestant Reformation, promoted Counter-Reformation, man of profound prayer and a man of God	founded Society of Jesus after resolving to put his energy into religious work	1491-1556	24	Spain
The Society of Jesus	members were Jesuits, completed rigorous and advanced education in theology, philosophy, classical languages, literature, history, and science	Jesuits made extraordinarily effective missionaries	1540-	24	Italy, China, Japan, Philipinnes, Americas
Witch-Hunting	fear that individuals were making alliances with the devil led to a massive hunt for witches	110,000 individuals underwent trial, 60,000 of them either died by hanging or burned at stake	16th century	24	Europe
Religious Wars	religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics led to outright war, violence in France for nearly thirty years	King Phillip II of Spain attempted to force Engl. to return to CAtholic.-sent Armada, effort collapsed and Engl. was victorious	1562-1598	24	France, Spain, England
The Thirty Years' War	Holy Roman emperor attempted to force Bohemians to return to Catholicism, developed into a general war between most European powers, main battleground was Germany	Spain, France, Holland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Bohemia, and Russia had soon entered the battles, escalating the war tremendously; entire regions were devastated by massive foraging armies	1618-1648	24	war fought mostly in Germany
DO NOT DELETE!!!	MITCHEL, IF U DELETE THESE CARDS (AGAIN) U WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR REDOING THEM.- (ATHEER)	(blank)	(blank)	(blank)	(blank)
Charles V	N/A	Charles V inherited authority over much of Europe, he came close to reestablishing the Holy Roman Empire but did not succeed.	1519-1556	24	Europe, Austria
The Spanish Inquisition	It was a movement started by Fernando and Isabel, which was designed to root out Islamic, Jewish and Protistant heresy in Spain.	The Spanish Inquisition condemned hundreds of people to burn at the stake or hang form the gallows.	1478	24	Spain, Iberian Peninsula
Constitutional States	A government that has a constitution and recognizes the rights of the individual.	Constitutional states limited the power of monarchs, increased the rights of the individual, strengthened the state, and provided a balanced political framework.	N/A	24	Europe
The Glorious Revolution	The parliament desposed of King James II and replaced him with William of Orange. William of Orange was was made to work with parliament in government affairs.	This was important because it was the first time a king was forced to work with parliament, this limited the power of the King.	1688-1689	24	England
The Sun King	Louis XIV	Louis XIV built a huge mansion for himself to live in called the Palace of Versailles. To build this he used taxpayers money this angered the people of France increasing tension and leading one step closer to the French Revolution.	1643-1715	24	France
Peter I	Peter the Great	Peter the Great wanted to transform Russia from an agricultural society into a great military power like those of western Europe. Peter I reformed the army, provided them with modern weapons, and had his aristocrats study math and science.	1682-1725	24	Russia
Catherine II	Catherine the Great	Catherine I succeeded Peter I. She divided her empire into 50 administrative districts, worked to improve the economy, and sought to eliminate torture of suspected individuals.	1762-1796	24	Russia
The Peaces of Westaphalia	The Peace of Westaphalia ended the Thirty Years War	the treaty stated that all European states will regard each other a equal, and they had the right to organize their own domestic and religious affairs.	1648	24	Europe

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