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AP World History
Valhalla High School Bentley AP World Ch. 28
| Term | Definition | Significance | Time | Chapter | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akbar | Babur's grandson; second ruler of the Mughal Empire as the successor of Babur | His military campaigns consolidated Mughal power in Gujarat and Bengal; Destroyed Vijayanagar; Laid the foundations for later Mughal expansion in south India; Religiously tolerant | Reigned from 1556-1605 | 28 | Northern India |
| Mehmed II: Mehmed the Conqueror | An Ottoman ruler and conqueror who helped establish the Ottoman empire | Captured Constantinople and turned it into the Ottoman capital known as Istanbul;Led successful military conquests all throughtout the east Mediterranean | Reigned from 1451-1481 | 28 | East Mediterranean/Byzantine region |
| Shah Ismail | The head of a Tabriz army who claimed the ancient Persian imperial title of Shah | Seized control of the Iranian plateau; launched expeditions into the Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia | Reigned from 1501-1524 | 28 | Iranian Plateau |
| Akbar's Divine Faith | Akbar's monotheistic syncretic faith that emphasized loyalty to the emperor while borrowing ideas from differetn religions like Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, and mostly Islam | Served as a cultural foundation for unity in Akbar's empire; Reduced tensions between Hindu and Muslim communities in India | Created in 1582 | 28 | Northern India |
| Istanbul | Capital of the Ottoman empire; New name of Constantinople after it was conquered by Mehmed II | Big commercial center and very prosperous; Housed government offices and meeting places for imperial councils; Withheld the most sacred possessions of the empire | Established 1453; Still exists today | 28 | Northwestern Anatolia |
| Taj Mahal | A white marble mosque and tomb that Shah Jahan had built in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal | Most famous of the Mughal monuments; One of the most prominent of all Islamic edifices | Built between 1632 and 1649; Still stands today | 28 | Northern India |
| The Printing Press | A machine that transfers images onto paper or similar material that spread from Spain through the Ottoman empire and even to Mughal India, however the Muslim scholars and readers preferred the elegant handwritten books over the cheaply printed books | The Ottoman were able to publish books in their own languages; Jesuit missionaries in Gao were able to publish books, including translations of the Bible into Indian and Arabic languages | Began spreading late 15th century | 28 | Spread form Spain to the Anatolia and Greece region then to Mughal India |
| Ottoman | A powerful Turkish empire | 1326-Captured Bursa; 1352-Fortress of Gallipoli; 1453-Constantinople; Conquests of Mediterranean region; Early 1500s-Syria and Egypt; 1534- Bagdad and Tigris and Euphrates; 1521-Belgrade; 1526-Hungary; Became a major naval power; Spread Islamic culture | Lasted from 1453-1918 | 28 | East Mediterranean; Middle East; East Egypt |
| Aurangzeb | A ruler of the Mughal empire who led the Mughal empire to reach its greatest extent | Pushed Mughal authority deep into southern India, therefore enbling the Mughals to rule almost the entire subcontinent of India; Was not religiously tolerant; Demolished Hindu temples and re-established the jizya on HIndus | Reigned from 1659-1707 | 28 | Southern India |
| Osman | Founder of the Ottoman empire, chief of a band of seminomadic Turks who migrated to northwestern Anatolia, and more than anything seeked to become ghazi (Muslim religious warriors) | He is the reason for the successful establishment of the Ottoman empire; location on borders of Byzantine empire gave opportunity to wage holy war; captured Bursa; seized fortress of Gallipoli | Lived from 1258 - 1326 CE | Ch. 28 | Northwestern Anatolia |
| Suleyman the Magnificent | One of the rulers of the Ottoman empire; Significantly expanded the empire in southwest Asia and Europe, conquered and captured others; turned empire into major naval power | Contributed to the extreme success of the empire and under his rule Ottoman imperialism reached a high point | Reigned from 1520 - 1566 | Ch.28 | Southwest Asia and Europe |
| Babur | Founder of the Mughal empire; a Chagati Turk who claims descent from Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane; wanted to be nothing more than an adventurer and soldier of fortune | Set up the backbone for the Mughal Empire to expand and succeed; captured Delhi; built an empire stretching from Kabul through Punjab to the borders of Bengal | Lived from 1483 - 1530 CE | Ch. 28 | India |
| Shah Abbas the Great | A Safavid ruler that severely aided the Safavid empire by giving it new life by moving the captial to Isfahan, advancing the army, and expanding the land | By moving the capital to the central location of Isfahan, trade with others occurred more frequently; followed "slaves of the royal household" which increased use of gunpowder and provided protection; many victories were celebrated; extreme expansion | Reigned from 1588 - 1629 | Ch. 28 | Persia |
| Twelver Shiism | Branch of Islam that stressed that there were twelve perfect religious leaders after Muhammad and that the twelfth went into hiding and would return someday | Helped recruit nomadic Turkish tribes to move into the area; brought popular support from qizilbash | post-Mongol era | Ch. 28 | Persia |
| Isfahan | Made the capital of the Safavid empire by Shah Abbas; contained markets, the palace, the royal mosque surrounding a polo field and public square; avenues and bridges connected the city to the suburbs | Benefitted the Safavid empire in that it provided a more central location with more trading; one of the most magnificent urban architectural development in the world; people brag that "Isfahan is hald the world" even today | Established as Safavid capital during the reign of Shah Abbas (1588 - 1629) | Ch. 28 | Persia |
| Fatehpur Sikri | A capital city planned and built by Akbar; included mint, records office, treasury, and audience hall; also served as a private residence for the ruler including exquisite pleasure palaces | Commemorated Akbar's conqust of Gujarat; showed Akbar's strength and imperial ambition; allowed Akbar relaxation to listen to music and converse with poets and scholars; demonstarted Mughal piety and devotion | Served as capital from 1569 - 1585 | Ch. 28 | Persia |
| Piri Reis | The Ottoman admiral and cartographer who made some large-scale maps and a navigational book, the Book of Seafaring, that drew on reports and maps from European explorers; maps include Atlantic coast of North America and lands visited by Colombus | Helped the Ottomans observe the enemy and obtain knowledge of geography; consulted a copy of a chart drawn by Christopher Colombus while on his first journey to the western hemisphere | The Sixteenth Century | Ch. 28 | Indian Ocean Basin |
| Mughal Empire | An empire created by Babur followed by the reign of Aknar and Aurangzeb | Promoted Islam, experimented with the mixture of Hindus and Muslims; destroyed Vjayanager which laid Mughal foundation; led to creation of "divine faith" | 1530 - 1707 CE | Ch. 28 | Persia (FRom Kabul through Punjab to the borders of Bengal) |
| Safavids | Turkish; Shah Ismail's family; named after the holy man Shah Ismail himself; Practiced Twelver Shiism | Conquered Persia and Mesopotamia | 1501-1722 | Ch. 28 | northwesten Persia |
| Battle of Chaldiran | When the Sunni Ottomans persecuted the Shiite Safavids throughout the Ottoman empire | The Ottomans were able to damage the Safavid empire badly, but could not destroy it, causing intermittent conflict for the next two centuries | 1514 | Ch. 28 | Tabriz |
| Steppe Traditions | Autocratic(emperors emposed will on state); Problems with royal succession; Ottoman rulers could legally kill their brothers after taking the throne | Safavids engaged in murderous struggles for throne; Corruption | Late 1500s | Ch. 28 | (blank) |
| Tobacco | Imports popular; English merchants introduced; useful for medical reasons | Popular in all 3 empires | 1600 | Ch. 28 | Europe and Asia |
| Qizilbash | "Red Hats"; Ismail's father had instructed his followers to wear a distinctive hat with 12 pleats in memory of the 12 Shiite imams; Believed Ismail would make them invincible in battle, so became loyal to Safavid cause | Attacked the Ottoman line and suffered devastating casualties in Battle of Chaldiran | (blank) | Ch. 28 | (blank) |
| Ghazi | a.k.a. The Safavids | Ottomans sought to be renounced as "ghazis" | 1501-1722 | Ch. 28 | (blank) |
| Safi al-Din | Leader of Sufi religious order; The ancetry of Shah Ismail and his successors was traced back to Safi al-Din | His famous shrine and tomb became the home of the Safavids, the headquarters of Shah Ismail's religious movement, and the center of a deliberate conspiracy to win political power for Shah Ismail's descendants | 1252-1334 | Ch. 28 | northwestern Persia |
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