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Microbiology ch 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Robert Hooke | Used first microscope to observe the fruiting bodies (reproductive structures) of the common blue mold, penicillium. First person to describe microorganisms |
| Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek | Made microscopes that could see bacteria. Named and described bacteria "wee animalcules" |
| Ferdinand J. Cohn | Founded science of bacteriology. Published early classification of bacteria, using genus bacillus for first time. Discovered bacterial endospores |
| What is pasteurization? | Louis Pasteur's method of killing bacteria and molds within liquids by heating them up |
| Louis Pasteur | Discovered anaerobiosis (organisms can live without air or oxygen), showed that spontaneous generation does not exist. Showed that microbes were everywhere and they did not develop from nothing |
| What is the importance of microorganisms as geochemical agents (in agriculture)? | 1) Material turnover through cycling (C, N, S cycle) 2) N2 Fixation (N2 from air to 2NH3[ammonia]) |
| What is some of the importance of microorganisms in energy and environmental industry? | *biofuels (CH4) *fermentation (corn->ethanol) *Microbial mining (CuS-->Cu 2+ --> Cu) *Bioremediation (cleaning up pollutants by microbes) |
| What is the importance of microorganisms in the food industry? | Putrefaction vs. Fermentation |
| Describe putrefaction. | Negative impact on food industry. A process of decomposition that results in the formation of ill-smelling products. By breakdown of protein, the principal constituents in animal products |
| Describe fermentation. | Positive impact on food industry. Process that results in the formation of alcohols or organic acids (under anaerobic conditions). By breakdown of carbohydrates, the predominant organic compounds in plant tissues. Process that makes beer, cheese, etc. |
| What is the importance of microorganisms in biotechnology and disease control? | Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Production of pharmaceuticals Gene therapy for certain diseases |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | Would have doctors handwash with chlorine solution after dissection room |
| Joseph Lister | Started cleaning operating tools and rooms with carbolic acid (phenol). Carbolic acid was used to treat wounds which allowed them to heal without becoming infected. Came up with carbolic acid atomizer. |
| Robert Koch | Famous for work with baciillus antracis (etiologic agent of anthrax) and mycobacterium tuberculosis (etiologic agent of tuberculosis). Developed stain that allowed ppl to see tuberculosis in lung. First to prove that microbes cause disease. |
| When ______________ divide, they form ________ | pure cultures; Colonies |
| Since each colony comes from a single bacterium, it is a ____________ | pure culture |
| Koch stressed the importance of working with pure cultures and formulated a series of tests to determine if a given microbe was the cause of a disease. there are know as ______________ | Koch's Postulates |
| List Koch's first 2 postulates | 1) The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals 2) The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture |
| List Koch's last 2 postulates | 3) Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal 4) The suspected pathogen must be re isolated and shown to be the same as the original |
| Martinus Beijernick | Developed the environment culture technique. Made growth media lacking nitrogen to obtain a pure culture of the root nudule bacterium Rhizobium, which can "fix nitrogen". Described tobacco mosaic virus as soluble living microbes. Father of virology. |
| What is chemolithotrophy? | Oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy |
| Sergei Winogradsky | Did work similiar to Beijernick by soil micronitrogen fixation. Isolated nitrifying bacteria from soil |
| What is environmental microbiology? | How microbes interact metabolically with their environments. |
| What are the basic characteristics of life? | Functionality, Adaptability, sustainability |
| What are the factors of functionality? | 1) Compartmentalization and metabolism (cells take up nutrients from environment and release wastes into environment) 2) Communication (cells interact by means of chemicals that are release or taken up) 3) movement (cells capable of self-propulsion ) |
| What are the factors of adaptability? | 1) Differentiation (cells can form new structures such as pores) 2) Evolution (cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties) |
| What are the factors of sustainability? | 1) Reproduction (growth). (Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the genetic direction of preexisting cells) |
| All life on earth falls into three domains. What are those domains? | Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria |
| Prokaryotes do not _____________________ | have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles. |
| ___________ are single-celled organisms that look like bacteria but are not ever a little related. None are disease causing and many live in extreme conditions | Archaea |
| What are the different eukaryotic microbes? | Fungi (molds, yeast mushrooms, etc) Protists (Paramecium, Amoebae) Algae (plants) |
| Describe cellular microbes. | Separated from outside world membranes. Composed of cells (often single cell). Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Genetic material is always DNA. |
| What are the two domains of prokaryotes? | Archaea and Bacteria |
| Describe noncellular microbes. | Viruses (nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat) and Viroids (naked RNA with no protein coat [infectious]) have no independent metabolism (obligatory parasite). Depend on other living cells |
| describe Rhabdovirus | eukaryotic virus that infects eukaryotic cells. Most famous member of this group infect mammalian neurons and causes rabies |
| What is a virion? | A single virus particle |
| Describe Lambda Bacteriophage | Bacterial virus that infects Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) |
| Phylogentic relationships can be deduced by ______________________ | comparing sequences of certain macromolecules |
| Carl Woese | First used ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequences as a tool for constructing phylogenetic relationships which can be visualized on a phylogenetic tree |
| only _________, _________ and _________ contain macroorganisms | Plants, animals, fungi |
| Where do phototrophs get ATP from? | light energy (light absorption excites electron to high-energy state) |
| Where do chemotrophs get ATP from? | Chemical energy (chemically reduced electron donors are oxidized to produce ATP) |
| What are the two types of chemotrophs and describe them. | *Lithotrophs (electron donors are inorganic reduced molecules) *Organotrophs (electron donors are organic reduced molecules) |
| Where do autotrophs get their cell carbon (biomass) from? | CO2 (CO2 Fixation) |
| Where do heterotrophs get cell carbon (biomass) from? | Organic compounds (assembled organic molecules are acquired from outside) |
| Heterotrophs break down organic compounds from other organisms to harvest ___________________________ | Carbon for building their own biomass |
| Based on the energy source heterotrophs used to harvest carbon for building their own biomass, where to chemoheterotrophs and photoheterotrophs get their energy? | Chemoheterotrophs - Gain energy while they breakdown organic compounds Photoheterotrophs - Gain energy through light. It can be PS1, PS2 or bacteriorhodopsin. Light absorption supplements use of organic compounds |
| Photoautotrophs _____________________________ | generate energy through light absorption by the photolysis (light activated breakdown) of H2O or H2S. Then the energy is used to fix CO2 into biomass |
| Chemoautotrophs _____________________________ | Produce energy from oxidizing inorganic molecules such as iron, sulfur, or nitrogen. This energy is also used to fix CO2 into biomass |
| Autotrophs _________________ | Capture CO2 and convert it to their own biomass |
| What are extremophiles? | Prokaryotic organisms that inhabit extreme environments (hot springs, glaciers, extremely salty bodies of water, and high pH environments) |
| What is the largest division of bacteria? | Proteobacteria(gram-negative) |
| _____________ are relatives of gram-positive bacteria and are critical to the evolution of life as they oxygenated the Earth's atmosphere | Cyanobacteria |
| What are the two phyla of the domain Archaea? | 1) Euryarchaeota 2) Crenarchaeota |
| What the the different types of Euryarchaeota? | 1) Methanogens (Anaerobically degrade organic matter, produce methane) 2) Extreme halophiles (require high salt concentrations for metabolism and reproduction) 3) Thermoacidophiles (grow in moderately high temperatures and low pH environments) |
| Vast majority of cultured crenarchaeota are ________________ | hyperthermophiles |
| Name some examples of archaea | *Pyrolobus (hyperthermophile that grows above the boiling point of water) *Halobacterium (halophile, grows in salt crystals, produces red pigment bacteriorhodopson) *Thermoplasma (thermoacidophile that grows in high temperatures and strong acid) |
| Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known as _________ or __________ | Protists; Protista |
| What are the major groups of protists? | *Algae(green and brown algae, and diatoms) *Fungi(yeast, molds) *Protozoa (flagellates, cilliates) *Slime molds |
| Some protists, such as algae, are __________ | Phototrophic |
| T or F: Algae and fungi have cell walls whereas protozoa do not | True |
| Lichen = ? | Fungus + Algae |
| What is the enrichment culture technique? | A method for isolating specific microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions |
| What is a pathogen? | A disease causing microogranism |
| What is a pure culture? | A culture containing a single kind of microorganism |
| What is the theory of spontaneous generation? | The hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter |
| What does sterile mean? | Free of all living organisms (cells) and viruses |
| What is an autotroph? | An organism able to grow with carbon dioxide (CO2) as its sole carbon source |
| What is a chemolithotroph? | An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds |
| What is a chemoorganotroph? | An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds |
| What is cyanobacteria? | Prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs |
| What is an extremophile? | An organism that grows optimally under one or more environmental extremes |
| What is a heterotroph? | An organism that requires organic carbon as its carbon source |
| What is a phototroph? | An organism that obtains energy from light |
| What is phylogeny? | The evolutionary relationships between organisms |
| Proteobacteria | A large phylum of bacteria that includes many of the common gram-negative bacteria, such as e. coli |
| What are protists? | Algae and protozoa |
| What is the cell (cytoplasmic) membrane? | It is the critical barrier for the cell to exist by allowing th einside of the cell to be different from the outside of the cell |
| What is the cell wall? | Rigid structure outside of the membrane that provides support for the membrane and protection for the cell |
| What are the ribosomes? | Macromolecullar complexes composed of RNA and protein and the site of protein synthesis in all organisms |
| What is the nucleoid? | Region in the cell where DNA is found. In prokaryotes there is no membrane surrounding this region. The DNA in prokaryotes consists of a single circular chromosome |
| Many prokaryotes are motile and most are able to do so by means of ___________. The prokaryotic flagellum is composed of a single coiled tube of one ___________ | Flagella; protein-flagellin |
| What are inclusions and what are some examples? | Storage of nutrients. Examples include lipids, sulfur and phosphate |
| What are the major cell morphologies of prokaryotes(cell shapes)? | 1) Coccus (spherical 2) Bacilli (rod) 3) Spirillum (spiral shape) |
| T or F: Morphology typically predicts physiology, ecology, phylogeny of a prokaryotic cell | False |
| What is the cell size range for prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes: .2 micrometers - >700 micrometers in diameter Eukaryotes: 10 to >200 micrometers in diameter |
| What are the advantages of bacterial cells to be small? | *Nutrients and waste products pass more readily into and out of small cell than a large cell *Faster cellular metabolism and growth *small cells develop larger populations (dependent on rsources) *More adaptive flexibility to changing envir. conditions |
| Small cells have more surface area relative to cell volume than large cells. What are the benefits of this for small cells? | *Support greater nutrient exchange per unit cell volume *tend to grow faster than larger cells |
| T or F: Cellular organisms <.15 micrometers are unlikely to house all the essential biomolecules of life. Volume of .2 micrometers or more is required. | True |
| T or F: Many pathogen bacteria are small and missing gene functions that need to be supplied by the host. | True |
| What are the three major functions of the cytoplasmic membrane? | *Permeability barrier *Protein anchor *Energy conservation |
| Describe the permeability barrier function of the cytoplasmic membrane | Prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into, and washes wastes out of, the cell |
| Describe the protein anchor function of the cytoplasmic membrane | Site of many proteins that participate in transport, bioenergetics, and chemotaxis |
| Describe the energy conservation function of the cytoplasmic membrane | Site of generation and use of the proton motive force |
| What are the two groups of membrane proteins? | 1) Integral membrane proteins 2) Peripheral membrane proteins |
| The cytoplasmic membrane is a __________ of __________ that contains both ___________ and ___________ components | Bilayer of phospholipids; Hydrophobic and hydrophilic |
| What is the major phospholipid of E. Coli? | Phosphatidyethanolamine |
| What are the two types of integral membrane proteins and describe their location? | 1) Transmembrane protein - Spans the entire membrane 2) Integral monotopic proteins - Are permanently attached to the membrane from only one side |
| Describe peripheral membrane proteins | Attached either to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins |
| Membranes are ________________ (allows certain molecules to pass) | Selectively permeable |
| What are the two types of movements across a membrane and describe them. | 1) Diffusion - small molecules, from high to low concentration 2) Transport - Directly moves substances into or out of the cell by membrane proteins |
| What are the 3 types of transport movements? | *Simple transporters *Group translocation *ABC transporters |
| What are the 3 types of simple transporters? | *Uniporter *Antiporter *Symporter |
| Cytoplasmic membranes are stabilized by _______ bonds and hydro______ intereactions. ______ and ______ help stabilized membrane by forming ionic bonds with _____________ charges on the phospholipids | hydrogen; phobic; Ca 2+; Mg 2+; Negative |
| Simple transporters consists of __________________ | only a spanning-transport protein |
| How do uniporters work? | They transport molecules in one direction across the membrane (either in or out) |
| How do antiporters work? | They transports one molecule in membrane and one out membrane |
| How do symporters(cotransporters) work? | They transport one molecule along with another substance (typically a protein) |
| How does group translocation work? | Substance transported is chemically modified during the uptake across the membrane |
| What is an example of group translocation? | The phosphotransferase system, which modifies compounds by phosphorylation during transport |
| Describe ABC transporters (ATP-Binding cassette) | They employ periplasmic binding proteins along with a membrane transporter and ATP-hydrolyzing proteins |
| Describe the periplasm | Part of gram negative cell wall between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane |
| Concentration is _____________ to transport speed | Proportional (low = low) (high = high) |
| T or F: At some point, all of the transport proteins are busy transporting molecules and adding more to the growth medium will not affect the rate of entry in the cell | True |
| Carrier mediated transport allows ____________ | accumulation of solute AGAINST the gradient. This allows cells to accumulate molecules that may be rare in the environment inside the cell |
| What are two examples of protein export? | -Sec translocase system -Type III secretion system |
| Describe the sec translocase system | Exports proteins and inserts integral membrane proteins into the membrane (exoenzymes to function outside of the cells) |
| Describe the Type III secretion system | Common in pathogenic bacteria, secreted protein (toxin) is translocated directly into the host |
| What is the cell wall of bacteria made from? | Peptidoglycan |
| What are the functions of bacterial cell walls? | Provide support for cell membrane to prevent osmotic lysis and makes cell rigid |
| Gram - bacteria have a _______ peptidoglycan layer while gram + bacteria have a ______ peptidoglycan layer | Thin; Thick |
| Describe the gram stain for gram + bacteria | The peptidoglycan layer of G+ bacteria is dehydrated by ethanol treatment, which closes the pores in the cell wall. The Crystal-Violet iodine complex is then trapped in the cell |
| What is a lysozyme? | A protein that cleaves the beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, thereby weakening the cell wall |
| What are protoplasts? | Cell that have lost their cell wall completely using enzymatic means (lysozymes) |
| What are spheroplasts? | Cell that have lost most of their cell wall material buy not completely |
| What are the two prokaryotes without cell walls? | -Mycoplasmas (bacteria) -Thermoplasmas (archaea) |
| Prokaryotes that have a cell wall without peptidoglycan are referred to as: | Archaea |
| The amino acids in the peptidoglycan are: | L-alanine, D-alanine, D-glutamic acid and either (L-lysine or Diaminopimelic acid) |
| In G+, each glycan unit contributes a _______ and the two _________ are connected by a short _______________ | Peptide; Peptides; Peptide interbridge (Glycan-Peptide-Interbridge-Peptide-Glycan) |
| Interbridges in G + are usually short peptides but in G-, Interbridges are __________________ | usually a direct bridge between the two tetrapeptides |
| G+ bacteria don't have an outer membrane but some do have _____________ embedded in the cell wall | Teichoic acids |
| Teichoic acids are only found in G+ bacteria and are partially responsible for ________________ | The negative charge on the cell surface |
| T or F: All bacteria have a negative charge on their cell surface | True |
| The negative charge on the surface of G+ bacteria is due to ___________ while the negative charge on the surface of G- is due to ____________ | Teichoic acids; Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) |
| In addition to peptidoglycan, G- Bacteria have ________________-- | An outer membrane |
| What is the outer membrane of G- bacteria constructed with? | Phospholipids + Proteins + Polysaccharides |
| Outer membrane is essentially a _____________ | second lipid bilayer |
| Outer membrane is also called __________________________, consisting of: | Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS); o-polysaccharide repeating unit and a core polysaccharide |
| Polysaccharide chains are anchored in the hydrophobic lipid bilayer in the outer membrane by ________ | Lipid A |
| The LPS is also known as _________, responsible for illnesses associated with G- bacteria such as salmonella | Endotoxin |
| The phospholipid bilayer is similar to the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane but ____________ | has porins (transmembrane proteins that are usually composed of 3 identical subunits forming a hole) |
| Porins make outer membrane of G- bacteria _____________ to small molecules even though it is a lipid bilayer | Relatively permeable |
| Porins are generally not very specific and are able to open and close. For this reason, | The outer membrane is much more permeable than the cytoplasmic membrane |
| What does lipoprotein do? | Connects the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer. The protein end connects to the peptidoglycan layer and the lipid layer connects to the outer membrane |
| The periplasmic space is between the ________________ and the ______________. It contains 3 types of proteins: | Outer membrane ; cytoplasmic membrane; 1) Binding proteins 2) Chemoreceptors (chemotaxis) 3) Hydrolytic enzymes for the initial degredation of food molecules |
| What is chemotaxis? | Direct the movement of an organism toward (positive chemotaxis) or away from (negative chemotaxis) a chemical gradient "run & tumble" |
| T or F: Cell walls of archaea do not contain peptidoglycan | True |
| T or F: Archaea have outer membranes | False |
| Some members of archaea have cell walls composed of __________ | Pseudomurein |
| Describe pseudomurein | Similar to peptidoglycan, but a modified form of NAM is used and it is connected to NAG in a beta-1,3 linkage instead of a beta-1,4 linkage |
| T or F: Lysozymes can break beta 1,3 linkages and beta-1,4 linkages | False; They cannot break beta-1,3 but can break beta-1,4 |
| The most common cell wall type of Archaea is the _________ | S-Layer |
| Describe the S-layer | Composed of 2-dimensional array of proteins arranged into paracrystalline structure, serving as protection from osmotic lysis |
| What is the purpose of fimriae in prokaryotes and how do they compare to flagella? | They function in the attachment of the organism to a substrate, which can allow many disease-causing bacteria to attach to their hosts. They are similar to flagella but are much more numerous and shorter. |
| Fimbriae can be extended and retracted rapidly and produce ___________ | twitching motility |
| What are pili? | Also function in attachment to substrate but are longer and less in number |
| What are the two important functions of pili? | -Facilitating genetic exchange between cells (conjugation) -Adhesion of pathogens to specific host |
| The _______ is involved in bacterial mating (conjugation) | F-Pilus (sex pilus) |
| If the cell surface structure of a prokaryote is soft, then it is called a __________. If hard, then it is called a __________. | Slime layer; Capsule |
| Why are capsules "hard"? | Because they cannot be penetrated by compounds like india ink and nigrosin |
| Capsules adhere __________ to cell wall and Slimes layers are ________ | firmly; Loosely attached and can be lost from cell surface |
| What are the functions of slime layers and capsules? | -Assistants in attachment to solid surface -Can develop into biofilm (a solid surface of cells) -Provide significant physical protection, resisting desiccation (dehydration) -Can mediate specific binding to host tissue to protect against phagocytosis |
| What are the 4 main types of inclusions in prokaryotes? | -Carbon storage polymers (Glycogen & poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid [PHB]) -Polyphosphates -Sulfur Globules -Magnetosomes |
| What are polyphosphates? | Accumulations of inorganic phosphate |
| What are some functions of inclusions? | -Energy reserves -Reservoirs of structural building blocks |
| What is the most common lipid storage material? | PHB |
| Granules of elemental sulfur are produced by: | Purple and green phototrophs through photolysis of H2S to elemental sulfur |
| Instead of disposing of sulfur, the bacteria ____ | Store it in granules, either whithin the cytoplasm (purple phototrophs) or as "globules" attached outside of the cell |
| What do magnetosomes do? | Impart a magnetic dipole on a cell, allowing the cell to respond to a magnetic field |
| Bacteria that produce magnetosomes exhibit ___________ | Magnetotaxis |
| Because earth's magnetic field lines point downward in the northern latitudes, bacteria that are magnetotactic __________ | Swim "downward" toward magnetic north |
| Magnetotactic bacteria usually mineralize ______ | Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) |
| What are gas vesicles? | Gas containing strctures found in aquatic and marine phototrophs that give them ability to float on water [buoyancy] (in order to be near the light) |
| Gas vesicles are __________ and the membrane is composed only of | Membrane enclosed; Protein in the form of repeating protein subunits |
| Since gas vesicles have membranes composed only of repeating protein subunits, it makes the vesicle very rigic and ____ | impermeable to water and solutes of the cytoplasm but is permeable to gas. |
| What are endospores? | Highly differentiated cells that are extremely resistant to heat drought, harsh chemicals and radiation |
| Endospores are known as the ________ stage of bacterial life cycle | Dormant |
| Endospores are only present in ____________ | Gram-positive bacteria |
| What are the three types of endospores? | Terminal, subterminal and central |
| What does the endospore structure consist of? | -Exosporium (outer later, thin protein covering) -Spore coat (layers of sporulation protein) -Cortex (peptidoglycan [similar to cell wall]) -Core (cell wall, membrane, DNA, ribosomes, etc) |
| The process where a vegetable cell differentiates into an endospore is known as _________ | Sporulation |
| Describe how cell germinates from endospore. | 1) activation - occurs when endospores are heated for several minutes at elevated temperatures 2) germination - Endospore placed in presence of specific nutrients, such as AA's 3) Outgrowth - Cell emerges from broken endospore and begins to grow |
| What do endospores contain in their cores in able to resist extremes such as boiling and desiccation? | Ca-Dipicolinate, DPA, and small acid soluble proteins (SASPs). DPA and SASPs give endospore resistance to environmental stress. SASPs bind DNA and change it from a beta-form to an alpha-form helix which makes it resist UV damage |
| When are SASPs made? | During sporulation |
| What are the two main functions of SASPs? | 1) Bind to DNA in core to protect from UV, dry heat, and desiccation. 2) Function as source of carbon and energy for outgrowth of a new vegetative cell from the endospore during germination |
| What do flagella do? | Serve as primary means of motility in bacteria. Function by rotation to push or pull the cell through a liquid medium |
| What are flagella composed of? | A single protein flagellin. Arrange in 3 main conformations that are often used in idetification of bacteria |
| What does polar flagellation mean? | Flagella attached to one or both ends of the cell |
| what does Peritrichous flagellation mean? | Flagella is inserted at many locations around cell surface |
| About __________ flagellin = _________ filaments | 20,000; 1 |
| Flagella grow from the _____, not the ______ | tip; base |
| Each flagellum is _________. Two inner rings in the membrane rotate with respect to each other | Rigid and rotates |
| Flagellum get their energy to rotate from _________ | the Proton Motive Force |
| Flagella increase or decrease ___________ in relation to the strength of the ____________ | Rotational speed; Proton motive force |
| Chemoreceptors in __________ bind chemicals | periplasm |
| What is phototaxis? | Equivalent of chemotaxis but with light. Some organisms are attracted to particular wavelengths and it is on or off whereass others actually travel along light intensity gradient |
| Gliding motility is used by? | Prokaryotes that dont have flagella (only filamentous or rod shaped bacteria use this motility) |
| Gliding motility requires that ___________ | cells be in contact with solid surface |
| Gliding motility is sometimes mediated by ____________ | secretion of a polysaccharide slime |
| What is the proton motive force (PMF)? | The potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage gradients across a membrane. The energy is generated from the release of electrochemical gradient. |
| Selective forces may be involved in setting the morphology. What are they? | 1) Optimization for nutrient uptake 2) Swimming motility in viscous environments or near surfaces -gliding motility (filamentous bacteria) |
| What is lophotrichous flagella? | 2 or more flagella growing on one side or both sides |
| Peritrichously flagellated organisms swim differently from polar organisms. When they reverse direction of the flagella they begin to ______. Polar organisms tend to _______direction when the flagella reverse | Gyrate; Reverse |
| Cells with peritrichous flagella move ___________ | slowly in a straight line |
| Cells with polar flagella move ______________ | more rapidly and typically spin around |
| Only __________ bacteria use gliding motility | Rod shaped |
Created by:
JHaddad
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