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ANP 202 Ch. 2

ANP 202

FrontBack
DNA Deoxyriboucleic acid. The DNA molecule provides the genetic code for biological structures and the means to translate this code.
Bases Chemical units that make up part of the DNA molecule and specify genetic instructions.
The Four Bases 1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Guanine 4. Cytosine
RNA Ribonucleic Acid. The molecule that functions to carry out the instructions for protein synthesis specified by the DNA molecule.
Messenger RNA The form of RNA that transports the genetic instructions from the DNA molecule to the site of protein synthesis.
Transfer RNA A free floating molecule that is attracted to a strand of messenger RNA, resulting in the synthesis of a protein chain.
Nuclear DNA The DNA that is contained in the nucleus of the cell
Chromosome A long strand of DNA sequences.
Gene A DNA sequence that codes for a functional polypeptide or RNA product.
Hemoglobin The molecule in blood cells that transports oxygen.
Exon A section of DNA that codes for the amino acids that make up proteins. It is contrasted with an intron.
Intron A section of DNA that does not code for the amino acids that make up proteins. It is contrasted with an exon.
Regulatory Gene A gene that acts as a genetic switch to turn protein-coding genes on or off.
Homeobox Gene A group of regulatory genes that encode a sequence of 60 amino acids regulating embryonic development. Specifically, they subdivide a developing embryo into different regions from head to tail that then form limbs and other structures.
RNA Product A section of DNA that has an identifiable function.
Mitosis The process of replication of chromosomes in body cells.
Epigenetics The field of genetics that is concerence with the general process of gene expression and looks at how some genes are turned on or off in different contexts, and deals with non-genetic influences on gene expression.
Meiosis The creation of sex cells by replication of chromosomes followed by cell division.
Genome The total DNA sequence of an organism. In humans, the genome is approximately 3 billion base pairs in length.
Locus The specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome.
Allele The alternative form of a gene or DNA sequence that occurs at a give locus. Some loci have only one allele, some have two, and some have many alternative forms. Alleles occur in pairs, one on each chromosome.
Mendel's Law of Segregations Law that states that sex cells contain on of each pair of alleles.
Genotype The genetic endowment of an individual from the two alleles present at a given locus.
Homozygous When both alleles at a given locus are identical. Opposite of Heterozygous
Heterozygous When the two alleles at a given locus are different. Opposite of Homozygous
Phenotype The observable appearance of a given genotype in the organism.
Dominant Allele An allele that masks the effect of the other allele (which is recessive) in a heterozygous genotype.
Recessive Allele An allele whose effect is masked by the other allele (which is dominant) in a heterozygous genotype.
Codominant When both alleles affect the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype, and neither is dominant over the other.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment Law that states that the segregation of any pair of chromosomes does not affect the probability of segregation for other pairs of chromosomes.
Linkage When alleles on the same chromosome are inherited together.
Crossing Over The exchange of DNA between chromosomes during meiosis.
Recombination The production of new combinations of DNA sequences caused by exchanges of DNA during meiosis.
Mitochondrial DNA A small amount of DNA that is located in the mitochondria of cells. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only through the mother.
Polygenic A complex genetic trait affected by two or more loci.
Pleiotropy A single allele that has multiple effects on an organism.
Mutation A mechanism for evolutionary change resulting from a random change in the genetic code; the ultimate source of all genetic variation. To have evolutionary importance, however, the mutation MUST occur in a sex cell.
Heritability The proportion of total variation of a trait due to genetic variation.
Sickle Cell Allele An allele of the hemoglobin locus. Individuals homozygous for this allele have sickle cell anemia.
Monosomy A condition in which one chromosome rather than a pair is present in body cells.
Trisomy A condition in which three chromosomes rather than a pair occur in body cells.
Nature vs. Nurture The argument questioning whether certain complex traits (Intelligence and Sexual Orientation for example) are the results of genes ("nature") versus the physical and cultural environment ("nurture").
Created by: Bishxc
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