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AICP Flashcards

Stack #134400

Question	Answer
Fiscal Impact Analysis	Analysis calculates total cost of a project to the City. Fiscal impact analysis may also be defined as cost-revenue analysis.
Cost Effectiveness Analysis	compares two choices, so to annex or to not annex.
Cost Benefit Analysis	is used to determine the benefits of large projects
ISTEA	ISTEA (Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act) 1991 – Presented overall intermodal approach. Gave MPO’s more power.
TEA-21	(Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century) 1998 – Additional planning considerations required: support MPO economy, increase safety, increase accessibility, environmental enhancement, increase connectivity, efficient management, and preservation of
SAFETEA-LU	(Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users) 2005 – Increased focus on safety.
PERT	Program Evaluation Review Technique is a line chart that shows how tasks are dependent on each other. In PERT it is very easy to see how tasks are dependent upon each other.
GANTT	is a popular type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule
GAM	Goals Achievement Matrix is a chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project’s goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group.
Linear programming	is a project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution.
Critical Path Method	Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway.
Fiscal zoning	is the concept that you are making land use decisions based on the fiscal impact of the community.
Economic forecasting	is the process of making predictions about the economy as a whole or in part. Relevant models include: Economic base analysis, Shift-share analysis, Input-output model
Economic base analysis	Briefly, activities in an area divide into two categories – basic and non-basic. Basic industries are those exporting from the region; non-basic (or service) industries support basic industries
Shift/share analysis	is a technique sometimes used for retrospectively decomposing changes, usually in employment, in a set of urban areas or regions.
Input-output model	uses a matrix representationof a nation's (or a region's) economy to predict the effect of changes in one industry on others and by consumers, government, and foreign suppliers on the economy.
Advocacy planning brought	planning into the public eye and assisted in recognizing the different needs of interest groups in the community.
Alinsky's Organization	The organization uses boycotts to initiate change. A paid organizer is used to organize people. An invitation is given to members of a community to participate in the organization.
Sheri Arnstein wrote	A Ladder of Citizen Participation, 1969.
Paul Davidoff is associated with	Advocacy Planning
Herbert Simon	is responsible for the concept of organizational decision-making as it is known today
null hypothesis	s a hypothesis set up to be nullified or refuted in order to support an alternative hypothesis
Nominal Group Technique	is a decision-making method for use among groups of many sizes, who want to make their decision quickly, as by a vote, but want everyone's opinions taken into account
Delphi Method	is a systematic interactive forecasting method for obtaining forecasts from a panel of independent experts
Who wrote The Intelligence of Democracy?	Charles Lindblom. Discusses Citizen Participation
In what year was the Civil Rights Act passed?	1964
Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore	The Court upheld temporary moratoriums on building permits.
Welch v. Swasey; 214 U.S. 91 (1909)	The Court established the right of municipalities to regulate building height.
Eubank v. City of Richmond; U.S. Supreme Court (1912)	The Court first approved the use of setback regulations, although it overturned the setbacks in this case.
Hadacheck v. Sebastian; U.S. Supreme Court (1915)	The Court first approved the regulation of the location of land uses.
Nectow v. City of Cambridge; U.S. Supreme Court (1928)	The Court used a rational basis test to strike down a zoning ordinance because it had no valid public purpose (e.g., to promote the health, safety, morals, or welfare of the public).
Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mount Laurel; New Jersey Supreme Court (1975)	The Court found that Mount Laurel had exclusionary zoning that prohibited multifamily, mobile home, or low- to moderate-income housing. The court required the Town to open its doors to those of all income levels.
Golden v. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo; New York State Court of Appeals (1972)	The court upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities, parks, road access, and firehouses. A proposal would only be approved upon reaching a certain poin
Construction Industry of Sonoma County v. City of Petaluma; U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit (1975)	The Court upheld quotas on the annual number of building permits issued.
Young v. American Mini Theaters, Inc.; U.S. Supreme Court (1976)	The Court upheld a zoning scheme that decentralized sexually oriented businesses in Detroit
Members of City Council v. Taxpayers for Vincent; U.S. Supreme Court (1984)	The Court found that the regulation of signs was valid for aesthetic reasons as long as the ordinance does not regulate the content of the sign. If the regulation is based on sign content, it must be justified by a compelling governmental interest.
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.; U.S. Supreme Court (1986)	The Court found that placing restrictions on the time, place, and manner of adult entertainment is acceptable. The ordinance was treating the secondary effects (such as traffic and crime) not the content.
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000	that no government may implement land use regulation in a manner that imposes substantial burden on the religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of burden both is in furtherance of compelling government interst
Agins v. City of Tiburon; U.S. Supreme Court (1980)	The Court upheld a city's right to zone property at low-density and determined this zoning was not a taking. Government action not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate government interest.
MBO	Management by Objective: is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are.
Which city had the first regional plan?	Plan of Chicago, 1909
Is school enrollment part of the local economy?	No.
Who designed Columbia, Maryland?	James Rouse. 1967
Capital Improvement Budgets are prepared for what length of time?	One year.
Location Quotient	is the formulat for computing basic and non-basic industries.
Non-basic industry	Service Industry.
James Rouse	Designed Columbia, Maryland. It began with the idea that a city could enhance its residents' quality of life. 1967
First Council of Governments	1954. Detroit area. Purpose to confront areawide problems.
Alfred Bettman	-1st President of ASPO. -Argued in favor of zoning before Supreme Court (Euclid v Ambler - 1926) - Introduced concept of Comprehensive Plan. Co-author: Cincinnati Plan. - part in creating Capital Improvements Budget.
Ladislas Segoe	- Cincinnati Plan - Wrote Local Planning Administration (1941) the first "Green Book" - Early consultant
Judtih Innes	Writes about Consensus Planning. Professor at Berkeley
Consensus Planning	Consensus decision-making is a group decision making process that not only seeks the agreement of most participants, but also to resolve or mitigate the objections of the minority to achieve the most agreeable decision.
Which planned community built in 1923 foreshadowed the New Urbanism movement?	Mariemont, Ohio
Norman Krumholz	Advocate of equity planning
Equity Planning	Gov. Planners should try to reallocate public/private resources to disavantaged
Paul Davidoff	Advocacy Planner
First Major Shopping Center	Northland, near Detroit, 1954
Null Hypothesis	A null hypothesis is a neutral statement that does not suggest the direction of the result
Mariemont, Ohio	Mariemont is a planned community in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Founded in the 1920's by Mary Emery it foreshadowed the New Urbanism movement.
Amitai Etzioni	Introduced concept of Mixed Scanning.
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook	The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook and its accompanying User Manual are the culmination of APA's seven-year Growing Smart project, an effort to draft the next generation of model planning and zoning legislation for the U.S
The Housing Act of which year called for slum clearance?	1949
What data was eliminated from the 2000 census	Source of water
Charles Lindblom	Incremental Planning
Mixed Scanning	A Compromise between Rational and Incremental Planning
Rational Planning Model	Set Goals, Determine Alternatives, Evaluate Alternative, Choose Alternative, Implement, Evaluate
Transactive Planning	Mutual learing: Planner shares technical. Neighborhood shares communty info. Doesn't work with huge difference of opinion.
Megalopolis	an area with multiple-cities with a combined population of more than 10 million inhabitants
Number of wireless sites in 2005:	150,000
Radical Planning	Gives the power to the people.
701 Plans	Housing Act of 1954 provided matching funds for developing comprehensive plans through Sec 701 of the act
John Friedmann	Associate with Transactive Planning and Radical Planning
Regional tax sharing	Think of Lehi/Orem stealing our retail base to pay for their growth. RTS would disincentify edge cities from seeking out commercial. Therefore RTS is a regional growth stragegy method.
Communicative Planning	The current theory of choice: Planner listens and assist in developing consensus.
Clarence Perry	Developed Neighborhood Unit Concept debued in his Regional Survey of New York and its Environs (1929)
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393 (1922)	The U.S. Supreme Court indicated, for the first time, that regulation of land use might be a taking.
Lewis Mumford	Cofounder Regional Planning Association.
Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954)	Established aesthetics and redevelopment as valid public purposes for exercising the power of eminent domain.
Clarence Stein	Codesigned Radburn. Founding member Regional Planning Association.
Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope, Inc.,	Legitimized the planned unit development (PUD) process.
William Whyte	People watcher. Human behavior in urban spaces.
Henry Wright	Codesigned Radburn, NJ
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe,	Established the "hard look" doctrine for environmental impact review. Must include alternatives in EIS
Who wrote "Regional Survey of New York and its Environs" (1929)	Clarence Perry
Calvert Cliffs' Coordinating Committee v. Atomic Energy Commission	Made National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) requirements judicially enforceable.
Sierra Club v. Morton	Opened up environmental citizen suits to discipline the resource agencies.
Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo	Recognized growth phasing programs. AFPO's
Just v. Marinette County	Integrated public trust theories into a modern regulatory scheme. Shoreland zoning provided for creation of conservancy, rec, and other purposes along waterbodies is constitutional.
Fasano v. Board of County Commissioners of Washington County	Required zoning to be consistent with comprehensive plans and recognized that rezonings may be quasi-judicial as well as legislative.
Young v. American Mini Theaters, Inc.,	Opened up the possibility to control pornography via land use.
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.,	Established that discriminatory intent is required to invalidate zoning actions with racially disproportionate impacts.
Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill	Justified modern Endangered Species Act law (protecting the snail darter).
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York,	Introduced a means-end balancing test for regulatory takings and validated historic preservation controls.
Agins v. City of Tiburon	Used an alternative takings test to the Penn Central test.U.S. Supreme Court rules that the open space zoning ordinance of the city of Tiburon, California, does not result in a taking of property without payment of just compensation.
Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego,	Extended commercial speech to aesthetic regulation.
Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.,	Held that any physical occupation is a taking, no matter how de minimis.
Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel (II), 456 A.2d 390 (N.J. 1983)	Created the model fair housing remedy for exclusionary zoning.
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank	Defined the ripeness doctrine for judicial review of takings claims. Taking claim premature where owner fails relief of variance and condmenation procedures.
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. Los Angeles County,	Allowed damages (as opposed to invalidation) as a remedy for regulatory takings. Just compensation clause of Fifth Amendment requires compensation for temporary takings which occur as a result of regulations ultimately invalidated in court.
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission,	Created the "essential nexus" takings test for conditioning development approvals on dedications a nd exactions
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council,	Compensation to be paid to landowners when regulations deprive them of all economically beneficial land use unless uses are disallowed by title or by state law background principles of private and public nuisances.
Dolan v. City of Tigard,	Extended Nollan's "essential nexus" test to require "rough proportionality" between development impact and conditions.
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon	Secretary of Interior's definition of "harm" to endangered species (prohibited by Endangered Species Act of 1973) is valid when defined as "significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife."
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency,	Sanctioned the use of moratoria and reaffirmed the parcel-as-a-whole rule for takings review
Charles Limblom wrote	"The Science of Muddling Through", which established the incremental planning theory
The Federal Property Administration Act of 1949 was developed to	Dispose of federal property
Nectow v. City of Cambridge?	In this case the plantiff was placed in the R-3 zoning district in error. The plantiff sued under the 14th amendment claiming a violation of due process.
Mediation	is a method in which a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement. Effective with individuals
Consensus Buildng	effective with many groups ivolving multiple, complex issues.
Delphi method	is a structured process of public participation with the intent of coming to a consensus decision. Panel completes hypotheses questionaires. Answers presented anonymously. Panel to revise answers based on what was heard. Eventually the answers converge.
IRA	Indian Reorganization Act
What is an analysis of the relationship between two or more variables called?	Regression
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is responsible for coordinating which of the following federal programs?	NEPA, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Farm Bill Conservation
Progressive tax	tax rate increases as the tax base increases
Coupon rate	The annual rate of interest paid on a bond that a borrower pays to the bond holder.
UDAG	Urban Development Action Grant: HUD program to help really poor cities for economic recovery. Facilitated public-private partnerships. Encouraged intergovernmental cooperation.
Regressive tax	Regressive taxes reduce the tax incidence of people with higher ability-to-pay, as they shift the incidence disproportionately to those with lower ability-to-pay.
North American Industry Classification System	The industry classification system that replaced the SIC system. The Census uses these numbers to crunch economic data.
Plural Planning	Multiple plans prepared by different groups in order to achieve the best result for all. Paul Davidoff. Associated with Advocacy Planning
Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB)	all expenditures must be justified as if it were a new program. Steps include: Analyzing, priority ranking and isolating decision packages
Proportional tax	Tax rate is fixed no matter the amount taxed.
Visioning	Typically, it consists of a series of meetings focused on long-range issues. Visioning results in a long-range plan. Priorities are set to distinguish essential goals. Performance standards allow an evaluation of progress toward goals over time.
Shift-Share Analysis	Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of a region's industries, Evaluates the performance of specific industries, Evaluates the mix of industries
Lowering a thermostat by 1 degree Fahrenheit can reduce a heating bill by what percent?	Up to 3 percent
John Friedmann	Friedmann's transactive planning emphasized that citizens and civic leaders, notplanners, had to be at the core of planning if plans were to be implemented.
NOT an advantage of a mail survey	High Response Rate
New York Zoning Resolution	Key concept granted appeal rights.
Unemployment Rate Calculation	d. Individuals unemployed divided by individuals 16 years of age and older in the labor force
Joel Garreau	wrote "Edge City" (1991)
Water Quality Act adopted	1965
Number of federally recognized tribes	562
Symptomatic Method to Estamate Current Population	ex. building permit method
Employment estimation by allocating projected employment expansion to smaller geographic areas	Shift-share: a portion of the projected expansion to sub-regions or population centers based on the center's present share of the employment
Henry Wright	codesigner of Sunnyside Gardens, NY and Radburn, NJ
What is Dillon's Rule?	Local governments are not provided with authority absent an express delegation of power from the state.
What is the probability of an event that is certain to happen?	1
Urban cluster	(blank)
Designers of Radburn	Henry Wright and Clarence Stein
an area that has at least 2,500 people but less than 50,000	Urban Cluster
What is the "push analysis"?	A push analysis determines if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers.
Conservation zoning	requires the clustering of homes while preserving open space
Satisficing	is a decision-making strategy which attempts to meet criteria for adequacy, rather than to identify an optimal solution
Herbert Simon coined	Satisficing
What year was the Americans with Disabilities Act passed	1990
NPDES	National Polution Discharge Elimination System allows people to obtain a permit to discharge pollutants into water
US Renter Poverty Level	More than 25 percent
Who is the author of the Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs?	Clarence Perry
A volume to capacity ratio of 1 indicates which of the following?	Stop and go traffic
Storm Sewers handle ____ year floods	25
Base Map	Shows essential features of an area.
Herbert Simon coined	Satisficing
Munn v. Illinois	the decision focused on the question of whether or not a private company could be regulated in the public interest. The court's decision was that it could, if the private company could be seen as a utility operating in the public interest.
Capital Improvemet Plan (CIP)	a long-range plan, usually four to six years, which identifies capital projects and equipment purchases, provides a planning schedule and identifies options for financing the plan.
Which is the most common technique used to resolve conflict?	Feedback and Compromise to create a 'win-win'
Herbert Simon	Organizational Behavior - Decision Making
EA - Environmental Assessment	An environmental assessment is a concise public document that a Federal agency prepares under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to provide sufficient evidence and analysis to determine whether a proposed agency action would require preparation
Christopher Stone's 1972 book Should Trees Have Standing discussed	Authority to file suit: the Sierra Club v. Morton, Secretary of the Interior (1972) case where the Sierra Club attempted to block the development of a ski resort in the Mineral King Valley in the Sequoia National Forest.
The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) was adopted in what year	1972
What did the Indian Reorganization Act provide for?	Organization of Native Americans and adoption of constitutions.
Peter Drucker	MBO. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees buy in to the objectives and understand what they are
a Metropolitan Statistical Area	defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget for use by federal statistical agencies that are based on the concept of at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic
Krumholz’s utilized which of the following planning theories:	advocacy planning. Krumholz work during the 1970s focused on thinking about the disadvantaged in the community first in every planning process
Communicative planning theory calls for:	Consensus building
LOS A	Free flow
LOS B	Reasonably free flow
LOS C	Stable flow
LOS D	Approaching unstable flow
LOS E	Unstable flow
LOS F	Forced or breakdown flow
Environmental Assessment does not include	Scoping (an EIS does)
Was Goldev v Ramapo heard by the USSC	NO
EIS Key Questions	Purpose and Need, Affected Environment, Range of Alternatives, analysis of the environmental impacts
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation	Rezone to multi-family. Sued over discrimination. USSC - no evidence of discrimination.
TSM	Transportation Systmes Management
Ex ante evaluation	refers to forward-looking assessment of the likely future effects of new policies of proposals
Hybrid Center	aka Lifestyle Center with big box retail attached.
Power Center	Belle Terra, HB: new format that brings classic features of lifestyle centers to big-box venues
Lifestyle Center	Upscale specialty stores, dining and entertainment in an outdoor setting
Right to Farm Act	Typically state initiated legislation to protect commercial farms from nuisance action.
Tranportaion Systems Management	an approach to congestion mitigation. Identify how you can better make use of existing infrastructure. Low-cost but effective.
Edward Ullman	Multiple Nuclei Model.
Mediation	Dispute resolution
Ernest Burgess	Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model	allows for an outward progression of growth along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries
Multiple Nuclei Model	similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are established near each other. greater movment due to increased car ownership. which allows for the specialization of regional centers.
Facilitation	Concensus building
Walter Christaller	Central place therory: size and distribution of towns. HEXAGONAL SHAPE.
Concentric Zone Model	The center was the CBD. transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses. Low-class residential homes. Better Homes. Comuters Zone.
Homer Hoyt's	Sector Model
Chauncy Harris	Multiple Nuclie Model
Metro Water District of So.Cal.	est. 1927 to create the Colorado River Aqueduct
Clean Air Act Year	1990
PSD	Prevention of Significant Deterioration - projects shall not increase emissions above a PSD increment.
Cross tabulation models	used to estimate trip generation
Gavity model	A traffic deal to quantify trip generation relationships
TIP	Transportation Improvement Program: FHWA requires this of MPO's: lists all projects for which federal funds are anticipated, estimated costs and schedules
Shift-Share Analysis	analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy.
Top Ten Growing Places	Las Vegas, NV - Naples - FL, Yuma, AZ - South Texas - yettevill, AR - Boise, Id - Pheonix Mesa, AZ - Loredo, TX- Provo Orem, UT
Multi-state planning is most commonly used for	transportation

Created by: mjtaylor100

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