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Challenge and Change
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What do social scientists study & why? | Social Scientists study human beings to find out what we tend to have in common, and how we are distinct both as individuals and as groups. |
| What is does Anthropology focus on? | The development of the human species and human cultures (past and present) throughout the world. |
| What are examples of human cultures? | Traditions, intentions, conventions, values, beliefs, shared symbols and behavior are examples. |
| What is participant observation and in which social science is it involved? | In Anthropology, when anthropologists immerse themselves in the culture of the people they wish to study. |
| What does Psychology focus on? | The study of people's feelings, thoughts and personality development. |
| What is the goal of psychology? | To discover underlying triggers or causes of human behaviors. |
| What does Sociology focus on? | The development and structure of human society and how it works. Sociology focuses more on how people act in group situations than as individuals. |
| What questions are asked in Anthropology? | How was human culture developed? What symbols do cultures share? How did humans learn to manipulate their environment? How was language established? |
| What are the fundamental beliefs of Anthropology? | Understanding our origins will help explain how we live, communicate, and interact with our environment. |
| What questions are asked in Psychology? | Why do humans behave as they do? How does personality develop? What is intelligence? How can we control our emotions? |
| What are the fundamental beliefs of Psychology? | Behavior is both learned and innate. Both factors influence and shape how individuals will behave, feel, act, or respond to external stimuli. |
| What questions are asked in Sociology? | What function does society serve in the lives of individuals? What role do social institutions have in society? How do individuals learn and adapt to the specific rules and modes of behavior that govern the group? |
| What are the fundamental beliefs of Sociology? | The groups to which an individual belongs will determine the roles and expectations that he/she will value and emulate in his/her private life. |
| What is Qualitative data? | Information expressed in works/actions Open-ended questions Descriptions and comparisons Analysis is based on interpreting info; considered more subjective Examples: Interviews, Observations |
| What is Quantitative data? | Numerical results Closed-ended questions Considered more objective Examples: surveys, laboratory-based observation |
| What are examples of potential bias? (Pt. 1) | The selection of the problem being researched (certain phenomenon judged as more important) The Sample Design (Must be aware of androcentrism/sexism) Funding Decisions (More funding in certain research topics) |
| What are examples of potential bias? (Pt. 2) | Data Collection (Researchers must avoid providing clues to the responses they want) Data Analysis (Random errors ex accidental or systemic when analyzing data) Reporting Findings (Academic journals only publish certain studies) |
| What is an example of potential bias? (Pt. 3) | Use of Research Findings (Findings can be misrepresented by those with a particular position in society) |
| What is bias? | An inclination or prejudice between someone or something. |
| What is a role? | A particular set of behaviors that we must follow in order to be recognized as an actor. |
| What is role conflict? | The conflict that occurs when individuals try to play two roles. |
| What are norms? | Specific rules that outline standard behavior. |
| What are institutions? | Establish laws, practices, and customs within a society. |
| Who are confederates? | People who are members of an experimented team although not everyone in the experiment may know it. |
| What are binary opposites? | Bronislaw Malinowski's principle that humans tend to see things in terms of two forces that are opposite to each other, such as night/day, good/evil, female/male. |
| What is ethnography? | The scientific study of human races & cultures. |
| What is Behaviorism? | Behaviorism believes that psychologists can predict/control or modify human behavior by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place. Focuses specifically on Early Childhood. |
| What is the Learning Theory? | The learning theory believes that humans are born with little instinct but a lot of learning potential. It also believes most human behavior is learned, especially childhood and youth. |
| What does Cultural Materialism believe? | Technological and economic factors are the most important ones in molding a society. |
| What does Functionalism believe? | All cultures are set up to deal with the universal problems that human societies face. These problems are all connected with trying to meet either physical or psychological needs. |
| What is the Psychoanalytic Theory? | A particular way of picturing the mind/how it works. Believes that the mind is divided into 2 parts, the conscious and unconscious, where the unconscious mind has more influence. (Id, Ego, Super-ego) Developed by Sigmund Freud. |
| What does Inclusionism believe? | Marx/Durkheim/Weber regarded race as one of the several factors that could play a role in forming human identity. Belives the culture of the racial majority would gradually absorb racial/ethnic minorities through public institution such as schools. |
| What does Symbolic Interactionism believe? | Humans have complex brains/little instinctive behavior. Therefore they can interpret for themselves the stimuli they receive in daily life and attach their own meanings to them (very difference from other sociological theories) |
| What does the Feminist Theory believe? | Believes women have traditionally been disadvantaged in society b/c men have discriminated against them. Men have made decisions in society that mostly favor the interest of them. Much of society's value system is sexist therefore dysfunctional. |
| What is Structuralism? | The human mind functions of binary opposites. |
| What is Structural-Functionalism? | Each society should provide its members with system prerequisites/fundemental requirements for functioning. Must satisfy material needs. A system for socializing/educating the young/ regulation of reproduction/overall needs, etc.. |
| What is the Evolutionary Theory of Change? | -All societies evolve from simple beginnings & over time become more complex -Notion of progress, measured by society's ability to move forward to innovate/better quality of life -Society's primary goal is evolution Views change as positive/beneficial |
| What are main points of the Cyclical Theory? | -Change in society like changing seasons -Reaches pinnacle then gives way to new season -Stresses natural growth & demise of cultural expressions -Society reaches certain power then dies off -Trends/Traditions/Values/Beliefs |
| What are main points of the Challenge and Response Theory? | -Focuses on key notations of challenge/reaponse -Every society faces initial challenges posed by physical enviro & external/internal factors aimed at its destruction -Civilizations are careful not to repeat past mistakes |
| What are main points of the Functionalist Theory of Change? | -Understood by social statics/dynamics -Interested in how society maintains stability/social order Long held cultural patterns/traditions to diffuse dynamic forces -Society affected by social institutions, family does most teaching (simple society) |
| The are main points of the Conflict Theory of Change? | -Inequities in society -Marxist theory (greatest conflict = rich vs poor, groups w/opposing interest = in conflict) -Every society subject to constant change brings disorganization/conflict -New theory = conflict between command/obey class |
| Ethical Guidelines (Pt. 1) | -Must protect participants from long lasting psychical pain/psychological harm -Obtain consent from all participants that ensure they know basic outline or research /procedure involved -Participants must be able to withdraw at any time |
| Ethical Guidelines (Pt. 2) | -Uni/College have ethic committees that must approve any research studies proposed by prof/students -Respect individual privacy by ensuring nothing about participants private lives/actions during experiment are made public |
| Ethical Guidelines (Pt. 3) | -All experiments involving humans must be reviewed to determine whether the benefits out-weigh risks -Deception is allowed by must be approved by independent panel. Sometimes deception is necessary so there is no bias |
| The Canadian Psychological Association's code of ethics standards allow deception if..? | Allows deception if participants are debriefed as soon as possible after experiment and they are not decieved about "physical risks/discomfort/unpleasant emotional experiences" that the experiment could create. |
| Describe Population Changes as an external factor influencing change. | -Immigration = Diversity -Emigration = loss of people/possible resources -Immigration can lead to cultural changes (new attitudes/beliefs/values in society) -Canada has a immigration limit # per year |
| Describe the Psychical Environment as an external factor influencing change. | -Climate/weather/vegetation/animal pop./humans all affect Physical Enviro -Gradual Changes (ex. Soil erosion) -Natural Disasters (major disaster, wipes all resources) -Environment issues = caused by humans - Ex. Hurricane Katrina |
| Describe Proximity as an external factor influencing change. | -Socities located close proximity tend to change/develop more rapidly -Exchange between cultures (Intercultural Contact) -Change more likely to occur if intercultural contact is high: trade and wars resulting -Exchange of ideas: tourism/globalization |
| Describe Technology as an external factor influencing change. | -Wide reaching implications in social institutions/customs/values - Alters the way we interact w/environment -Considered single most important mechanism driving progress in society -Canadian social values connected closely with technology. |
| Describe Social Environment, Culture and Social Values as an external factor influencing change (Pt. 1) | Rate of change for culture -Collectivist (obligates to group > personal freedom, makes social change difficult, uniformity) -Individualist (Guided by personal rights/freedoms, distinction between personal/common goals, more tolerant of change) |
| Describe Social Environment, Culture and Social Values as an external factor influencing change (Pt. 2) | -Larger post-industrial societies(more accepting of change, experiment w/innovations,changes affect great % of pop.) -Smaller/isolated Societies (More reluctant to change, change happens gradually,more ethnocentric, traditions/customs firm) |
| Define hypothesis | A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. |
| What does a case study investigate? | A process or record of research into the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time. |
| Define experiment | A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact. |
| Define Content Analysis | Analysis to determine the meaning, purpose, or effect of any type of communication, as literature, newspapers, or broadcasts, by studying and evaluating the details, innuendos, and implications of the content, recurrent themes, etc. |
| Describe Sample Surveys | The respondents in sampling surveys are merely sample individuals and not the entire population. The sample individuals who serve as the respondents in sampling surveys are representative of the entire population + : Short, simple, effective - : Basic |
| What is Structured Observation? | Observation of behavior in a researcher-structured setting; for example, observing a mother explore a new toy with her child for 5 minutes. |
| What is Unstructured Observation? | Unstructured observation is the unplanned, informal, watching and recording of behaviors as they occur in a natural environment. |
| What is Participant Observation? | A technique of field research, used in anthropology and sociology, by which an investigator (participant observer) studies the life of a group by sharing in its activities. |
| What did the Milgram Experiment explore/detail? | The Milgram experiment conducted by psychologist Stanley Milgram, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to electrocute participants who answered wrongly to questions asked. |
| Detail two types of interviews | -Qualitative interviews that gather information first hand from a source through questioning -Questionnaires and Sample Surveys that are classified as survey Interviews Both follow strict guidelines to adhere to ethical and unbiased behavior. |
Created by:
AStasysh
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