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GEL107
MIDTERM #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Paleobiology: | Study of history+ evolution of life (revealed by the fossil record |
| Importance of Fossils: | - ONLY direct record of history of life -- Non-living animals discovered -- Direct evidence of environments -- Macroevolution |
| Macroevolution: | Mechanisms of evolutionary change over long periods of time--> rates, trends, evolutionary modes |
| Macroevolution Theories (4) | - Species longevity (species live for a long time) - Taxonomic Turnover - Explosive Diversification - Mass Extinction |
| Fossil | Part/ All of an organism in the pas, or impression (preservation) |
| Types of Fossil Preservation: | Unaltered Altered/Mummification of Tissue |
| Unaltered Remains: | - Not common - Soft Tissues - Skeleton (with DNA/ aragonite) |
| Altered Remains: | - Permineralization - Recrystallization - Dissolution and replacement - Carbonization |
| Permineralization | Filled pores of wood/bone with mineral (hardened) |
| Recrystalization | - Change in mineral makeup i. Inversion to less ordered state: aragonite--> calcite ii. Loss of Mg: High Mg Calcite--> calcite iii. Change in crystal size: small--> large |
| Dissolution and Replacement | - skeleton dissolves from ground water - leaves a void called a mold (concave) and imprint you get from sediment that lies on top will be a cast (convex) |
| Carbonization | Residue of coal-like carbon (from high organic content) - usually things/organisms that can be pressed |
| Questions Paleobiologists Ask: | - What/when/where?: document historical patterns - Why/how?: investigate process of evolution - How do you answer these questions?: through methodology |
| Scientific Method | - observations -Hypothesis - Test - Reject (all but one) |
| Characteristics that will affect likelihood of Preservation: (general) | - anatomical - ecological - biogeographical |
| Anatomical characteristics (promoting preservation) | MORE likely to be preserved: - Hard mineralized skeletons - Think/dense skeletons - One-part skeleton - Molted skeleton (>1 made per lifetime) - Large body (easier to find but less abundant) |
| Ecological Characteristics (promoting preservation) | MORE likely to be preserved: - When organism was more abundant - Active sedimentation (shallow marine habitat) |
| Biogeographical Characteristics (promoting preservation) | MORE likely to be preserved: - if geographically widespread (85-97% of species have not been fossilized) |
| Functions of Mineralized Skeletons: | - Protection (predation, hard conditions) - Mechanical (attachment for muscle) - Ion storage (reabsorption and remineralization) - Ion purge ( ridding of unwanted compounds - Gravity perception (statocysts) |
| Two primary compounds of skeletal components (general) | - Organic - inorganic |
| Organic (compounds of skeletal components) | 1. Proteins -- collagen: structures in animals (bon.skin) -- silk: spider webs -- Keratin: claws, hair, nails 2. Polysaccharides -- Cellulose: plannts -- Chitin: 2nd most common structural fiber in animals |
| Inorganic compounds of skeletal components) | 1. Biologically CONTROLLED process: -- Mineral type, structure and orientation is geneticall controlled (DNA MEDIATED) 2. Biologically INDUCED process: -- Organisms alter microenvironment around them in order to induce minerals to precipitate (Gr Al) |
| Phosphate (Mineral) | Apatite-biomineral Invertabrates (remodels continuously) ex: vertebrates, braciopods, condonts |
| Carbonates (Mineral) | -- Calcite (coccoliths, brachipods) -- High Mg Calcite (echinoderms, bryzoans, red algae) -- Aragonite (more ordered than calcite) |
| Silica (Mineral) | -- Opal: hydrated form of silica (ex: radiolaria, diatoms, sponges) |
| Iron Oxides (Mineral) | Magnetic bacteria: used to detect Earth's magnetic force |
| Types of Rock: | Igneous: cools/crystalizes from magma (seldom contains fossils) Metamorphic: Formed from increase in T and P. Can form from any rock type. Will contain fossils f originally sedimentary Sedimentary: covers 3/4 of earth's surfaces |
| Rock Cycle: What must you first have before making sedimentary rocks? | You must have sediment, which is always created by weathering/erosion. |
| Rock Cycle: How is magma made? What does it create when it cools? | Magma is made by ANY rock type being pushed deep into the earth and MELTING. It creates Igneous rock when it cools. |
| Rock Cycle: What are metamorphic rocks? How are they created? | Metamorphic rocks are rocks created by a increase in temperature and pressure. They can form a different type of metamorphic rock if more pressure and temperature is added. |
| Uniformitarianism: | Things that make the world work now are things that made the world work in the past (present=key to the past) |
| Weathering (2): | Chemically: -- rain+ air (CO2)= weak carbonic acid Physical: -- Frost: expanding water cracks rock -- Wind |
| Strata: | Layers of sediment (1 layer= strata) |
| Deposition of Sediment | -NOT continuous everywhere and does NOT occur at a constant rate. -High rate: thick beds, Low rate: thin beds |
| Hiatus | Discontinuous deposition--> when there is a break/gap on the ROCK record. |
| Bed: | - Rock Sequence, separated by a hiatus @ both top and bottom of the layer (Temporal--> erosion, random stop) (Sedimentary hiatus--> sediment changes type) |
| Formation: | Group of beds with common characteristics (ex: sediment type/environment of deposition) |
| Principles involving Sediment (Axioms) - 3 | - -Principle of Superposition - -Principle of Original Horizontality (sediment usually placed horizontally- may be folded/ tilted later - -Principle of Lateral continuity (rocks that look similar but are separated by valley/erosional feature=continuous) |
| Types of Sedimentary Rock: | --Clastic: shales, giltstones, sandstones (formed of fragments) --Chemical: limestones, phosphates (not discrete particles, solid mineral crystals) |
| Biases effecting likelihood of preservation: (3) | -- Stratigraphic bias: erosion of already deposited rock=gaps in recorded time -- Ecological bias: not all of the ecological community is preserved -- Biogeographical bias: not all of the geographical range is preserved (where species lived) |
| Relative Methods of Dating: (rocks and fossils) | ROCKS: - Pattern: superposition - Process: uniformitarianism FOSSILS: - Pattern: Faunal succession - Process: Natural Selection |
| Absolute Methods of Dating: | Radioactive elements + Decay/Half-Life (Predictable rate of decay) |
| Radioactive Decay: | - lose 2P and 2N - Change N into P - Change P into N (most common way to date igneous rocks- not sedimentary) |
| Isotopes (Stable, Oxygen) | O-16 (99%) and O-18 (1%). O-16 is more mobile/light and can be evaporated more readily COLD: O-16 evaporate--> caught in snow (O-18 rich ocean) WARM: O-16 evaporate--> able to run back in the ocean (O-16 rich relatively) |
| Stable Isotopes Tell Us: | - Temperature of Formation of skeleton (marine organisms) - Seasonal growth periods: winter/summer variation |
| Taphonomy: | LIFE-1-> DEATH -2-> BURIAL-3-> DISCOVERY 1. Paleoecology 2. Biostratinomy 3. Diagenesis |
| Biostratinomy: | DEATH--> BURIAL -Biological: predators, scavengers - Chemical: dissolution - Physical: abrasion, transport, borings |
| Diagenesis: | BURIAL--> DISCOVERY - Biological: bioturbation - Chemical: recrystalization, permineralization, carbonization - Physical: Replacement |
| Lagerstatten (5) | MOTHER LODES: 1. Burgess Shale 2. Mazon Creek 3. Holzmaden 4. Solnhofen Limestone 5. Messel Shale |
| Burgess Shale | - Soft Bodies, Really weird and early organisms |
| Mazon Creek | - Nodules around organisms - Lots of plant life |
| Holzman: | Marine reptiles (ithyouars) |
| Solenhoffen: | Archaeoptrex (complete, delicate species) |
| Messel Oil Shale | Missing link to primate evolution! |
| Ways of Classifying Organism (random) | - Morphology - Qualitative - Chemical Composition Different scaled (zoom in/out) - Behavior - position in time |
| Ontology: | Changes within an individual organism through time |
| Types of Growth (4) | 1. Accretion 2. Addition of whole new + add to old 3. Molting 4. Remodeling |
| Accretion (growth) | - younger skeleton= major component - growth lines - energy efficient ex: clams, snails, corals |
| New Parts (growth) | - usually involves acretion ex: formifera- new chambers in addition to old ones, but still a separate "part" Echinoderms (new plates on shell) |
| Molting (growth) | - regenerate parts, molt= nutrition - Leaves organism vulnerable Allows for rapid change during groth ex: arthropods, lobster, trilobytes (less efficient model for growth |
| Remodeling (growth) | - continual mineralization/reabsorption - considerable change in shape ex: vertebrate bone, mollusks, brachiopods |
| Comparing Individuals- variation (2) | - Ontogenetic variation: at successive stages of life - Interspecific variation: among adults of different species |
| Allometry | Change in shape AND size (different parts grow at different rates) - Curved line or straight line NOT through origin on NORMAL scale - straight line not equal to 1 on log-log scale |
| Isometry | Increase in size with no change in shape (everything grows at same rate) - Straight line on normal scale - Straight line EQUALLING 1 on log-log scale |
| Scaled of Relatedness: (small--> large) | Individuals--> populations--> species--> clades |
| Populations | Group of organisms, well defined geographic area, reproductive continuity, share single gene pool |
| Natural Selection | - Variation exists - Traits heritable - Differential Survival - LARGE populations |
| Genetic Drift: | - change fluctuation in frequency - SMALL populations |
| Inbreeding | reduces genetic variability |
| Migration | mixing prevents divergence (but promotes diversity) |
| Mutation | occurs spontaneously (ultimate source of genetic variation) |
| Biological Species Concept: | - Allopatric speciation - Parapatric speciation - Sympatric speciation Problems: Can't test reproductive Isolation, doesn't apply to asexual, Ignores evolution (time) |
| Allopatric Speciation | Biological Species Concept: -- geographic isolation (physical block) (like the squirrels in the grand canyon) |
| Parapatric Speciation | Biological Species Concept: -- partial geographic isolation -- reduces gene flow Starts with S1 goes to S2- S3- S4 and Sa- Sb - Sc --> S4 and Sc may not be able to mate. |
| Sympatric Speciation | Species in same area- no geographic reason, but just don't mate |
| Evolutionary Species Concept:(2) | Anagenesis: gradual change in fossils over time Cladogenesis: splitting of lineages (like allopatry in time) |
| Morphological Species Concept: | -Admits everything is really based on morphology - Variation within species is achnowlwdged |
| What are the 3 EONS we are studying? (in order) | Phanerozoic Proteozoic Archean |
| What are the 3 ERAS we are studying? (in order) | Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic |
| What ERA has 6 PERIODS? Name the ERA and list the 6 Periods in order: | ERA: Paleozoic PERIODS: Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian |
| The Mesozoic ERA has 3 PERIODS, name them in order: | Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic |
| The Cenozoic ERA has 3 PERIODS, name them in order | Quaternary Neogene Paleogene |
Created by:
omygoodnessalex
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