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STMG Ch. 13
Motivation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is motivation? | The level, direction, and persistence of effort at work |
| How are extrinsic rewards achieved? | Through somebody else |
| ______________ rewards are externally administered? | Extrinsic |
| Intrinsic rewards occur how? | Naturally during job performance |
| ___________ rewards occur naturally during job performance | Intrinsic |
| What are the four content theories of motivation? | Hierarchy of needs theory, ERG theory, two-factor theory, acquired needs theory |
| How many content theories of motivation are there? | Four |
| The Content Theories of Motivation are... __________________ Theory, ERG Theory, Two-Factor Theory, and Acquired Needs Theory? | Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
| The Content Theories of Motivation are... Hierarchy of Needs Theory, ERG Theory, Two-Factor Theory, and ________________Theory? | Acquired Needs Theory |
| The Content Theories of Motivation are... Hierarchy of Needs Theory, _______ Theory, Two-Factor Theory, and Acquired Needs Theory? | ERG Theory |
| The Content Theories of Motivation are... Hierarchy of Needs Theory, ERG Theory, _______________Theory, and Acquired Needs Theory? | Two-Factor Theory |
| What do Content Theories of Motivation do? | Help us understand human needs and how people with different needs may respond to different work situations |
| What do Process Theories of Motivation do? | Offer additional insights into how people give meaning to rewards and subsequently respond with various work-related behaviors |
| What does the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation focus on? | The environment as a major source of rewards and influence on human behavior |
| Needs are...? | Unfulfilled physiological or psychological desires |
| "Lower order needs" are part of what Content Theory of Motivation? | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
| "Higher order needs" are part of what Content Theory of Motivation? | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
| What are lower order needs? | Physiological, safety and social needs |
| What are higher order needs? | Self-esteem and Self-Actualization |
| What Needs Theory does the 'deficit principle' belong to? | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
| What is the deficit principle? | Principal that states that a satisfied need is not a motivator of behavior |
| What Needs Theory does the 'progression principle' belong to? | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
| What is the progression principle? | Principal that states that a need at one level does not become activated until the next lower level need is satisfied |
| What does ERG stand for in the ERG Theory created by Clayton Alderfer? | Existence, Relatedness, Growth |
| What are Existence needs in ERG Theory? | Desires for physiological and material wellbeing |
| What are Relatedness needs in ERG Theory? | Desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships |
| What are Growth needs in ERG Theory? | Desires for continued psychological growth and development |
| Which Content Theory contains the 'frustration-regression' principle? | ERG Theory |
| What is the 'frustration-regression' principle? | A principle stating that an already satisfied lower level need can be reactivated and influence behavior when a higher level need cannot be satisfied |
| Who created the Two-Factor Theory? | Frederick Herzberg |
| Two-Factor Theory takes into account what two factors? | Satisfier and Hygiene Factors |
| Where are Satisfier Factors found? | In the job content, such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and personal growth |
| Where are Hygiene Factors found? | In the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies and safety |
| Hygiene factors are associated with job _________________. | dissatisfaction |
| Improvement of Satisfier factors can make people less _______________ with their job, but cannot increase satisfaction | dissatisfied |
| Satisfied factors and Hygiene factors are associated with which Content Theory? | Two-Factor Theory |
| What is job 'content'? | What people do in terms of job tasks |
| What is job 'context'? | The work setting in which people do job tasks |
| Who created the Acquired Needs Theory? | David McClelland |
| What are the three major needs in Acquired Need Theory? | Need for achievement, Need for power, Need for affiliation |
| What does 'nAch' stand for? | Need for Achievement (Acquired Needs Theory) |
| What does 'nPower" stand for? | Need for Power (Acquired Needs Theory) |
| What does 'nAff' stand for? | Need for Affiliation (Acquired Needs Theory) |
| What is the Need for Achievement in Acquired Needs Theory? | The desire to do something better, solve problems, or master complex tasks |
| What is the Need for Power in Acquired Needs Theory? | The desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people |
| What is the Need for Affiliation in Acquired Needs Theory? | The desire to establish and maintain good relations with people |
| What are the two forms of nPower as defined by McClelland? | Personal power and social power |
| What are the differences between personal power and social power? | Personal power is exploitative and manipulative in a bid for personal gratification. Social power is directed towards group or organizational objectives rather than personal ones. |
| What are the three Process Theories of Motivation? | Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory, and Goal Setting Theory |
| What is Equity Theory based upon? | The logic of social comparisons and the notion that perceived inequity is a motivating state |
| When does perceived equity occur? | When an individual is satisfied and does not change behavior |
| When does perceived inequity occur? | When the individual feels discomfort and acts to eliminate the inequity |
| What are two common sources of equity controversy? | Gender equity & comparable worth |
| Who created Expectancy Theory? | Victor Vroom |
| What is the central question of Expectancy Theory? | "What determines the willingness of an individual to work hard at tasks important to the organization?" |
| What are the three factors of Expectancy Theory? | Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence |
| What is Expectancy? | A person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance |
| A person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance is what factor of Expectancy Theory? | Expectancy |
| What is Instrumentality? | A person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance |
| A person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance is what factor of Expectancy Theory? | Instrumentality |
| What is Valence? | The value a person assigns to work-related outcomes |
| The value a person assigns to work-related outcomes is what factor of Expectancy Theory? | Valence |
| Expectancy Theory applies its factors in what way? | If any factors (expectancy, valence, instrumentality) are low, motivation will suffer |
| What is the goal of the manager in Expectancy Theory? | To maximise expectancy, valence, and instrumentality |
| Goal-setting Theory is a _________ Theory of Motivation | Process |
| What is the basic premise of Goal-setting Theory? | That task goals can be highly motivating IF they are well managed and IF they are well defined |
| What is an important element of Goal-setting Theory? | Participation |
| What is a good illustration of Goal-setting Theory in process? | Management by Objectives (MBO) |
| Self-Efficacy Theory is what type of Motivational Theory? | Process |
| What is 'self-efficiacy'? | A person's belief that she or he is capable of performing a task |
| What is PsyCap? | Psychological capital |
| What does PsyCap deal with? | "who you are and who you are becoming" |
| How does the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation view human behavior? | Human behavior as determined by the external environmental consequences |
| What is the law of effect in relation to Reinforcement Theory? | Behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is not |
| What is operant conditioning in relation to Reinforcement Theory? | The control of behavior by manipulating its consequences |
| What is organizational behavior modification (OB Mod)? | The application of operant conditioning to influence human behavior at work |
| What does 'positive reinforcement' do? | Strengthens a behavior by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence |
| What does 'negative reinforcement' do? | Strengthens a behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence |
| Punishment does what...? | Discourages a behavior by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occasion |
| What does 'extinction' do? | Discourages a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence |
| "Discouraging a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence" is what? | Extinction |
| "Discouraging a behavior by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occasion" is what? | Punishment |
| What are the four reinforcement strategies of operant conditioning in Reinforcement Theory? | Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment |
| Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment are all what? | Strategies in Reinforcement Theory |
| What are two important laws of positive reinforcement? | The law of contingent reinforcement, and the law of immediate reinforcement |
| The law of contingent reinforcement, and the law of immediate reinforcement are both laws of _______________ reinforcement? | Positive |
| The law of contingent reinforcement states what? | That for a reward to have maximum reinforcing value, it must be delivered only if the desired behavior exhibited |
| "For a reward to have maximum reinforcing value, it must be delivered only if the desired behavior exhibited" is which law of positive reinforcement? | The law of contingent reinforcement |
| The law of immediate reinforcement states what? | That the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behavior, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward |
| "The more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behavior, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward" is which law of positive reinforcement? | The law of immediate reinforcement |
| What is 'shaping"? | Positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior |
| What does a continuous reinforcement schedule do? | Administers a reward each time a desirable behavior occurs |
| What does an intermittent reinforcement schedule do? | Rewards behavior periodically |
| What "Administers a reward each time a desirable behavior occurs"? | A continuous reinforcement schedule |
| What "Rewards behavior periodically"? | An intermittent reinforcement schedule |
| The 'pay for performance' model is consistent with which theories? | Equity, expectancy, and reinforcement theories |
| What does 'merit pay' do? | Awards pay increases in proportion to performance contributions |
| What are some examples of 'incentive remuneration systems'? | Pay for knowledge, bonus pay plans, profit-sharing plans, gain-sharing plans, and employee share ownership plans |
| What is skills-based pay? | A system of paying workers according to the number of job-relevant skills they master |
| Skills-based pay is an example of which incentive remuneration system? | Pay for knowledge |
| What does ESOP stand for? | Employee Share Ownership Plans |
Created by:
ginamaye
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