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AICP 2013

Question	Answer
43,560 square feet	1 Acre
5,280 linear feet	1 mile
640 acres	1 Sq Mile
2.47 acres	1 hectacre
Township 1785 Ordinance -provided for the rectangular land survey and settlement of the Old Northwest	6 sq mi, 36 Sections, 640 Acres each section
Hippodamus – 5th Century	BC Greek architect, introduced regularity to city planning, biggest contribution was the right-angle street grid
Erie Canal	was completed in 1825
Union Pacific and Central Pacific	Joined at Promontory Point, Utah to form the transcontinental railroad in 1869
1st US city with a subway	Boston in 1897
1901 Plan for Washington D.C.	Part of the City Beautiful Movement
1st historic preservation commission	was formed in Vieux Carre, New Orleans, LA in 1921
1st off-street parking regulations	Columbus, OH in 1923
1st historic preservation ordinance	Enacted in Charleston, SC in 1931
1st urban growth boundary	Established in the US in Lexington, KY in 1958
1st state to institute statewide zoning	Hawaii in 1961
ACIP and ASPO joined to for the APA	in 1978
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000	Following the Supreme Court's ruling in City of Boerne v. Flores, Congress passed the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. The new act declares that no government may implement land use regulation in a manner that imposes substantial burd
Zip Code	stands for Zone Improvement Plan Code
1887 – Mugler v Kansas	14th Amend/Due Process case which ruled that KS could prohibit sale of alcohol based on PP.
Zoning Height 1909 – Welch v Swasey	Boston can impose different height limits on buildings in different districts.
Zoning Setback 1912 – Eubank v City of Richmond:	A ZO establishing building setback lines was held unconstitutional and not a valid use of the PP; violates the due process of law and is therefore unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment.
Zoning Land Uses 1915 – Hadacheck v Sebastian	SC upheld Los Angeles case prohibiting establishment of a brick kiln within a recently-annexed 3-mile area.
5th Amend, Taking, 1922 – Pennsylvania Coal Company v Mahon	SC indicated for the first time that a regulation of land use might be a taking if it goes too far.
Zoning Nuisance, police power 1926 – Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co.	Established zoning as a legal use of PP by local government. The main issue in this case was “nuisance”, and that a certain use near a residence could be considered “a pig in a parlor”. Argued by Alfred Bettman, future 1st president of ASPO.
Zoning Rational Basis 1928 – Nectow v City of Cambridge	Court found for Nectow and against a provision in Cambridge’s ZO based on the due process clause. However, it did NOT overturn Euclid. This was the last zoning challenge to come before the SC. No valid purpose (police power)
5th Amend, Taking, 1954 – Berman v Parker	Established aesthetics and urban renewal, redevelopment as valid public purposes for exercising eminent domain. Wash.DC took private property and resold to a developer to achieve objectives of an established redevelopment plan. Blight to get Federal fundi
1968 – Jones v Mayer	: Ruling that discrimination in selling houses was not permitted based on the 13th Amendment and Section 1982 abolishing slavery and creating equality for all US citizens
1968 – Cheney v Village 2 at New Hope	Legitimized planning unit development (PUD) process
Growth Mgmt 1972 – Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo:	NY State Court of Appeals case that upheld a growth control plan based on the availability of public services. Case further emphasized the importance of the Comp Plan and set the scene for nationwide growth management plans. Use of pointsUpheld a zoning o
1971 – Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v Volpe	Established hard look doctrine for environmental impact review. Section 4(f) DOT Act of 1966 – park use ok if no “feasible and prudent” alternative and “all possible planning to minimize harm”.
1971 – Calvert Cliffs’ Coordinating Committee v Atomic Energy Commission:	Made National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirements judicially enforceable.
1972 – Sierra Club v Morton:	Opened up environmental citizen suits to discipline the resource agencies.
1972 - Just v Marinette County:	Significantly integrated public trust theories into a modern regulatory scheme. Shoreland zoning ordinance along navigable streams and other water bodies upheld
1973 – Fasano v Board of Commissioners of Washington Co., Oregon:	Required zoning to be consistent with comp plans, and recognized that rezonings may be judicial rather than legislative. Spot zoning: 1st, there must be a public need for the change; 2nd, the need served by changing the zoning, available property.
1974 – Village of Belle Terre v Boraas	SC upheld the restrictive definition of a family as being no more than two unrelated people living together.
14th Amend, Due Process, Equal protection1975 – South Burlington County NAACP v Township of Mount Laurel I:	NJ Supreme court held that in developing municipalities in growing and expanding areas, provision must be made to accommodate a fair share of low and moderate income housing.The Court found that Mount Laurel had exclusionary zoning that prohibited mul
Growth MGMT, Quotas, Permits 1975 –Construction Industry of Sonoma County v. Petaluma:	Limited the # of residential building permits per year to 500 & placed a population cap of 55,000. The purpose was to make sure that the growth rate did not exceed the City’s ability to fund capital improvements. Court upheld.
First AMEND, Zoning 1976 – Young v. American Mini Theaters:	First sexually-oriented business case, which held that zoning for adult businesses does not automatically infringe on 1st amendment rights.
1976 – Hills v Dorothy Gautreaux	: The Chicago Housing Authority and HUD had to spread out concentration of public housing (scattered site housing), including into white suburbs that were not necessarily within Chicago. Argued under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Growth MGMT, Moratorium, Bldg Permits, 1976 – Assoc. Home Builders v. City of Livermore:	Growth policy that timed phasing of future residential growth until performance standards are met; upheld the use of a moratorium.
1977 – Village of Arlington Heights v Metropolitan Housing Development:	Established that discriminatory intent is required to invalidate zoning actions with racially disproportionate impact. Court overturned denial of rezoning to allow for multi-family residences in a previously single-family zoned area.
5th Amend, Taking, 1978 – Penn Central Transportation Company v The City of New York:	Restrictions on the development of Grand Central Station did NOT amount to a taking, since Penn Central could use TDR and secure a reasonable return on the property. Validated historic preservation controls.The court found that a taking is based on the
1978 – TVA v. Hill (Secretary of Interior):	Created the MODERN Endangered Species Act, which protects designated species. Halted the Tellico Dam, which was almost completely built, because the endangered Snail Darter — a fish — was found.
5th Amend, Taking, 1980 – Agins v. City of Tiburon: R	Ruled there is a takings when 1st, deprives property of all economically viable use; and 2nd, when it fails to enhance a legitimate government interest. Court found that the Open Space ZO of Tiburon does NOT result in a taking w/o just compensation. Th
1980 – Central Hudson v Public Service Commission:	1 st Amendment case which overruled the NY State Public Service Commission’s total ban on an electric utility’s advertisements to increase electric usage.
First AMEND, Signs 1981 – Metromedia, Inc v City of San Diego:	Ordinance that substantially restricted on-site and off-site billboards was ruled unconstitutional under 1st amendment. found to violate the first amendment’s freedom of speech.
5th Amend, Taking 1982 – Loretto v Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corporation:	Court held that any physical occupation is a taking, no matter how de minimus (landlords had been required under state law to allow cable company to install permanent cable TV facilities on their property).
1983 – South Burlington County NAACP v Township of Mount Laurel II:	This finding cured the deficiencies of Mt. Laurel I, and created the model fair housing remedy for exclusionary zoning. Provide their fair share of low and moderate income housing in their region. 3- judge panel was rule on exclusionary zoning cases.
First Amend, Signs 1984 – Members of City Council v Taxpayers of Vincent:	1st amendment case which allowed the City Council to exert control over posting of election signs on public telephone poles.
1985 – City of Cleburne v Cleburne Living Center	SC decision which ruled that the City had illegally denied group homes special use permits based on neighbor’s unfounded fears
1985 – Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v Hamilton Bank:	Defined the ripeness doctrine for judicial review of takings claims.
1st Amend, Zoning 1986 – City of Renton v Playtime Theaters:	Upheld the requirement of minimum distances between SOBs.The Court found that placing restrictions on the time, place, and manner of adult entertainment is acceptable. The ordinance was treating the secondary effects (such as traffic and crime), not the
5th Amend, Taking 1987 – First English Evangelical Church of Glendale v Co of Los Angeles	: Allowed damages (as opposed to invalidation) as a remedy for regulatory taking. Just compensation clause of the 5th Amendment requires compensation for temporary takings which occur as a result of regulations that are ultimately invalidated.
5th Amend, Taking 1987 – Nollan v California Coastal Commission:	The Court found that regulations must serve a substantial public purpose and that exactions are valid as long as the exaction and the project are reasonably related. The court also found that the California Coastal Commission’s requirement to dedicate an
5th Amend. Taking, 1992 – Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council:	The Court found that there is a taking if there is a total reduction in value (no viable value left) after the regulation is in place, except where derived from the state’s law of property and nuisance. The court found that Lucas purchased the land prior
5th Amend, Taking 1994 – Dolan v City of Tigard:	The Court found there must be a rational nexus between the exaction requirement and the development. The rough proportionality test was created from this case. The court found that conditions that require the deeding of portions of a property to the gover
1994 – City of Ladue v Gilleo	SC ruled that the display of a sign by a homeowner was protected by the 1st amendment under freedom of speech.
1995 – Babbitt v Sweet Home Chap. of Communities for a Great OR:	Applied the Endangered Species Act to land development; Sec of Interior’s definition of harm is valid.
First Amendment–	Within the framework of the First Amendment, freedom of speech applies to adult uses and signs. Freedom of religion applies to religious facilities. Freedom of association applies to group homes Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of re
Fifth Amendment	The Fifth Amendment requires just compensation for takings. This applies in cases of takings and eminent domain.–No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in
Fourteenth Amendment-	The Fourteenth Amendment defines different types of due process. Due process can be applied to takings, eminent domain, and exactions. Substantive due process beyond the applications for due process includes aesthetics. Procedural due process applies to o
5th Amdned, Taking 2002 –Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency:	Sanctioned the use of moratoria & reaffirmed the “parcel-as-a-whole” rule for takings review. Moratoria on development not a per se taking under the 5thamendment, but should be analyzed under the multi-factor Penn Central test.
5th Amend, Taking 2005 –Lingle v. Chevron:	Case brought by Chevron based on an Agins-type claim that one of Hawaii’s statutes did not “substantially advance legitimate state interests”. It did NOT overturn the 1980 Agins case in the whole.
5th Amend, Taking , Econ, 2005 –Keloet al. v City of New London:	Like Berman v. Parker in 1954,City taking by eminent domain for redevelopment The Court held general benefits a community enjoyed from economic growth qualified such redevelopment plans as a permissible “public use” under the takings clause. Beyond bligh
5th Amend, Taking, Telecommunications 2005 –City of Rancho Palos Verde v Abrams:	SC ruled that a licensed radio operator who was denied a CUP for a “commercial” antenna cannot seek monetary damages because it would distort the congressional intent of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
Clean Air Act, 2006 -Massachusetts v. EPA:	EPA must provide a reasonable justification for why they would not regulate greenhouse gases.
Clean Water Act, significant nexus, 2006 -Rapanos v. United States:	The Army Corp of Engineers must determine whether there is a significant nexus between a wetland and a navigable waterway. This pulled back the ACOE’s jurisdiction regarding wetlands. Contributing or not
Clean Water Act, 401, 2006 -SD Warren v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection:	Hydroelectric dams are subject to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act.
PLANNING AT NATIONAL LEVEL	Federal housing, transportation and environmental programs Clean Air Act (1970) Clean Water Act (1972) SAFETEA-LU (Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users)
PLANNING FOR MULTI-STATEOR BI-STATEREGIONS	Environmental and transportation
Tennessee Valley Authority	, Established in 1933 to convert 2 WW1 munitions factories and Hydro electric plant into a regional power authority and a factory producing fertilizer. First example of multi-state planning for power and flood control
Planners primary obligation	Public Interest
Chesapeake Bay Watershed TMDL	Subject of a recent Executive Order and a famous Lawsuit between Sierra Club and EPA (ongoing –filed in MD
Port Authority of NY & NJ 	Created 1921, run most regional ransportation infrastructure (bridges, tunnels, airports, seaports) within NY-NJ Port District along Hudson and East Rivers
Port Authority of NY & NJ	In charge World Trade Center plaza rebuilding –lack of staff & multitude of approving agencies is holding up plans
Hoover Dam, a.k.a. Boulder Dam	On border of Nevada and Arizona, completed in 1936 Apportioned the waters of the Colorado River between AZ, CA, CO, NV, NM, UT, and WY. Environmental impacts were -and are –significant.
PLANNING FOR STATE	Floodplain, environmental, Dillon’s Rule or Home Rule (39 states use Dillon’s Rule in whole or in part) Hawaii, Maryland, Florida and Tennessee –states who have passed statewide Planning and/or Smart Growth laws.
Dillon’s Rule	Nnarrowly local government powers, judge ruling in 1868. Dillon's Rule local governments have powers: •express words, necessarily or fairly implied or incident to the powers expressly granted, essential corporation, not simply convenient, indispensable.
Dillon’s Rule	oThe second part of Dillon's Rule states that if there is any reasonable doubt whether a power has been conferred on a local government, then the power has NOTbeen conferred.
PLANNING FOR SUB-STATE REGION	Parks, environmental, transportation Outer Banks Olmstead Parkway in Louisville KY Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) dealing largely with transportation; also RPOs
PLANNING AT COUNTYLEVEL	Hazard mitigation plans, growth management Do Not Think State Specific!!
PLANNING FOR URBAN AREAS	Infill, redevelopment, traffic management, urban heat islands, food access
PLANNING FOR SUBURBAN AREAS(OLDANDNEW)	Sprawl, connectivity, infrastructure, aging-in-place
PLANNING FOR SMALL TOWN	Access to infrastructure and social services, town character, economic opportunity
NEIGHBORHOODS	Neighborhood unit concept –Clarence Perry Defined by history, geography, culture… Access to services, walkability, or visitibility Know about 1996 Symposium on Neighborhood Collaborative Planning (from the APA Policy Guides)
DOWNTOWNS	Business improvement district (BID/TIF) Traffic circulation Mixed use –Density Issues Wayfindingsignage Greening the urban area Events / Tourism AgriTourism
Corridors	Transportation Greenway
Waterfronts	Environmental, hazard mitigation, accessibility and economic opportunity
Historic districts or areas	National Register districts, landmarks, etc. HARB Local designations
Which of the following is not true about a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)?	They are federally mandated for urbanized areas with a population over 250,000.A. UZA population requirement is 50,000
Exactions	(dedication of land, construction or installation of infrastructure, or fees to finance these improvements -fees in lieu of or impact fees)
Major Traditions of Urban Design	(Monumental City Design, Garden Suburb and Garden Cities, Modernism, Megastructure)
Its Environsand its explanation of the neighborhood unit concept by Clarence Perry for example	People and places are critical –1929 Regional Plan for New York City
Rural Slum	We studied historical materials to examine the conditions that gave rise to California's rural slums, the consequences of their emergence, and how interpretations of housing, health, and welfare policies by government officials, and public health official
Foodshed
Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000	Emphasized mitigation and planning
National Historic Preservation Act (1966)	–National Register of Historic Places, Section 106 process, State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO)
Types of parks: community, neighborhood, pocket, tot lots, gardens, greenways
active versus passive recreation
Legislation (Section 4(f) of the Dept of Transportation Act)
Between 1986 and 1997, which of the following activities accounts for the highest percentage of wetlands losses?	Urban development
Surface Transportation	who plans for what areas?
Military installations (including Base Realignment and Closure –BRAC)	Consider impacts on education levels, labor force skill sets, employment, income levels, stability (or lack) of the labor force, demographics, etc
Business Improvement District (BID), business incubators, Tax Increment Financing (TIF
Economic Base Analyses	Economic base techniques divide regional industries into two groups: Basic or export sectors Non-basic or local sectors Assumes that export or “base” industries drive regional economic growth Relatively simple to calculate, generates straightforward
Fiscal Impact Analyses
Know Location Quotient (LQ), Floor Area Ratio (FAR), economic base multiplier
Know differences in terminology: neighborhood shopping center versus a community or regional shopping center
Labor Force and Employment	Data Sources for Analysis Skills of the Community Workforce Characteristics
Daniel Burnham Chicago architect (1864-1912)	Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men's blood and probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will never die, Think big.
The basic steps of plan making and implementation:	Identification of stakeholders Defining and identifying problems Gathering information and analysis Developing alternatives Selecting an alternative Budget and implementation Evaluation and amendment Achievement
Goal Setting	See Keloor Aginsfor the importance of goals and/or a comprehensive plan
PROGRAM:	series of related, mission-orientated activities aimed at carrying out a particular goal or policy; should include initiatives, projects, milestones, costs and responsibilities
POLICY:	rule or course of action that indicates how the goals and/or objectives of the plan should be realized; should include principles, agreements, laws, regulations, and resolutions
OBJECTIVE:	more specific, measurable statement of a desired end; should include location, character, and timing
GOAL	: value-based statement, not necessary measurable; should include purpose, scope and context
Comprehensive Plans Key elements	Demographics Land use Transportation Community facilities Infrastructure
Gant Chart, Bubble Chart, Flow Chart, matrix, etcFlow
3 major components of demographic analysis:	Fertility Mortality Migration
Types of Descriptive Statistics	Percentiles and Quartiles Measures of Central Tendency oMean oMode oMedian Measures of Dispersion of Variability oRange oStandard Deviation oVariance Measures of distribution shape oSkewness oKurtosis (thickness of the tails)
Three basic types of demographic analysis used by planners:	Descriptive –tools, data, and methods to describe the population of an area Trends –look at how demographic data has changed over time Projections –estimates of future population and population structure
Demographics	Targets, Estimates, Projections, Forecasts
Ratio/Step-down Method:	Less technically complicated, good for smaller area projections. The farther out the projection, the more the margin of error
Cohort Component (aka Cohort Survival):	Technically complicated, lots of data, good for large area projections like states or large metropolitan areas
Extrapolation Methods:	Good at the county level, bases growth on observed growth trends, watch out for mitigating factors.
Symptomatic Methods	Regression analysis can be used for small areas
Housing Units Methods:	Similar to extrapolation but good at a local level
Cohort-Component most common	Cohort = age group Component = the three components of demography (fertility, mortality, migration)
According to the 2000 Census data, where is the mean center of population for the United States?	Covington County, Kentucky B. Phelps County, Missouri C. Johnson County, Kansas D. Daviess County, Indiana
What rate is defined as the recorded live births in a year divided by the mid-year female population between the ages of 15 and 44 and is expressed as births per 1,000 persons?	General fertility rate
Location Quotient	Location Quotient: defines base sector of study area, or the concentration of a given industry in a given place in comparison to the nation –used to tell the amount of export employment in an industry Commonly used, relatively easy to find data and calc
Location Quotient	LQ= ei/e Ei/E ei= local employment in Industry I e = total local employment Ei= national employment in Industry I E = total national employment Assumes base year is identical
Location Quotient	Location Quotient >1: exporting employment (basic) Location Quotient <1: importing employment (local/non-basic)
Economic Base Multiplier	Base sector (LQ) activity + total economic activity of a study area to get the “Economic Base Multiplier” to measure local economic growth as follows: TOTAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY/BASIC SECTOR ACTIVITY = EBM An EBMof 3 would mean that for every basic job/outp
Shift Share Analysis	Shift share analysis is a descriptive technique for analyzing sources of change in the regional economy by looking at national share, industry mix, and regional shift. National growth share: what part of local job growth is due to growth in the national
MIS (Management Information Systems	computer system for the management of people, projects, and information. Support business processes and operations, decision-making, and competitive strategies.
Why does it matter?	Create lasting solutions through an efficient process The AICP Code of Ethics requires it The melting pot versus the salad bowl
Social Justice	Saul Alinsky: community organizing Back of the Yards neighborhood (1930s) Rules for Radicals(1971) 1964 Economic Opportunity Act Part of Johnson’s War on Poverty/Great Society Head Start remains Paul Davidoff: advocacy planning (50s–80s)
Arnstein	Citizen Power, Tokenism, non participation
Planning the Participation Process	ID who needs to be involved ID the decision maker ID decision to be made ID stages ID the most appropriate techniques/combination of Set schedule
Other Techniques…	Public hearing: technical presentation, group Q&A, transcript Open house: information displays, individual Q&A Education: information display, presentation, fact sheets
Techniques…	Interviews: detail at a cost Surveys (visual preference): efficient, but low response rate Web-based: multiple formats, current (?), access (?)
Charrettes:	short, intense collaborative process that is usually used to design projects, plan communities, and/or build consensus; can vary in makeup (professionals/citizens) depending on the goal
Delphi Technique	used to develop a consensus between two or more groups that are in conflict; the views of each group are presented in successive rounds of argument and counterargument, with the rounds gradually working towards a consensus
Nominal Group Technique	variation on brainstorming; question is asked to a group and each individual answers, all answers are recorded and prioritized by the group as a whole
Focus Groups Stakeholder Groups	Small groups
Delphi Method	Recognizes the value of expert opinion, experience and intuition and allows using the limited information available in these forms, when full scientific knowledge is lacking. Uses a panel of carefully selected experts who answer a series of questionnair
3 Cs	Coalition building Consensus building Conflict resolution
A planner’s primary responsibility is to the public	Know background information Identify leadership in the community Reach beyond the leadership
Social Justice Issues/Approaches	Location of infrastructure Access to jobs Access to education EISs/EAs–environmental justice Reverse commuting Brownfield and infill development
AICP Code of Ethics &Professional Conduct	Effective June 1, 2005; revised October 3, 2009 (Rule 26 and Section D) Four parts: A: Principles to Which We Aspire: idealsto which we are committed B: Our Rules of Conduct: rulesto which we are held accountable C: Our Code Procedures: procedural
Principles to Which We Aspire	Our Overall Responsibility to the Public “primary obligation is to serve the public interest” public involvement, accurate information Our Responsibility to Our Clients and Employers “independent professional judgment” Our Responsibility to Our
Principles to Which We Aspire	If you are found guilty of violating a portion of this section of the code you can not be removed from AICP or sanctioned in any manner.
Our Rules of Conduct	26 rules General Topics: Conflict of interest (8 rules) Accurate information (7 rules) Code procedures (4 rules)
Our Rules of Conduct	If you are found guilty of violating a section of this part of the code, you can be removed from AICP or sanctioned in another matter.
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	Rule #1 We shall not deliberately or with reckless indifference fail to provide adequate, timely, clear and accurate informationon planning issues.
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	Rule #4 We shall not, as salaried employees, undertake other employment in planning or a related profession, whether or not for pay, without having made full written disclosureto the employer who furnishes our salary and having received subsequent writte
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	Rules #5 and #6 We shall not, as public officials or employees; accept from anyone other than our public employer any compensation, commission, rebate, or other advantage that may be perceived as related to our public office or employment. We shall no
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	We shall not, as public officials or employees, engage in private communicationswith planning process participants if the discussions relate to a matter over which we have authority to make a binding, final determinationif such private communications are
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	We shall not use the power of any office to seek or obtain a special advantage that is not a matter of public knowledge or is not in the public interest.
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	We shall not direct or coerce other professionalsto make analyses or reach findings not supported by available evidence.
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	We shall not file a frivolous chargeof ethical misconduct against another planner. We shall not withhold cooperation or informationfrom the AICP Ethics Officer or the AICP Ethics Committee if a charge of ethical misconduct has been filed against us.
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	We shall neither deliberately, nor with reckless influence, commit any wrongful act, whether or not specified in the Rules of Conduct, that reflects adversely on our professional fitness.
Our Rules of Conduct –Key Points	We shall not fail to immediately notify the Ethics Officer by both receipted Certified and Regular First Class Mail if we are convicted of a "serious crime" as defined in Section D of the Code; nor immediately following such conviction shall we represent
Our Code Procedures	Informal Advice Formal Advice Charge of Misconduct filing preliminary responses investigation dismissal or complaint answering a complaint hearing decision settlement –an option throughout the process
Our Code Procedures	Definition of “serious crime” Process related to conviction for “serious crime” Automatic Suspension Notification Petition for Reinstatement Publication
Just FYI … How much is the Code Used? 2010 Activity	Ethics Cases -4Total 2Cases Resolved:Both Dismissed(None withdrawn or other resolutions) 2 Cases Pending:1 Charge Under Review1 Complaint Under Review Ethics Committee Actions: No actions Requests for Formal Advice: No requests
AICP COde	Ethics Officer (Executive Director of APA/AICP) and Ethics Commission
Garden Cities	Ebenezer Howard wrote the book Garden Cities of To-morrow. New Towns are based on Howard's ideas and were implemented by the U.S. government during the 1930s and again during the 1960s and 1970s.
Planned Unit Development	Planned Unit Development is a zoning term used to describe mixed-use developments in which zoning is negotiated rather than followed strict development standards.
Extend one foot into the five foot required side setback.	Variance.
Changes the rules regarding the use and development of every property in a specified zoning district	A zoning text amendment
Would change the zoning of the property from residential to commercial	zoning map amendment
Would divide the lot into two or more parcels	replat
Billboard Controls	Beautification Act which ties the hands of local governments that want to remove nonconforming billboards along Federal highways. The Act now requires local governments to pay billboard owners before a nonconforming billboard can be removed. They can requ
Provision of Childcare	In the 1990's, 75% of women with school-aged children were in the labor force. According to the Census Bureau, in 1990, there were 19.2 million employed women with children under 15 years old living with them. Their 31 million children must be cared for
Provision of Childcare	Hartford, Connecticut allows developers to receive a FAR bonus in exchange for providing space for day care. Prince George's County, Maryland has amended its zoning to include a special exception for child care facilities in excess public school building
Community and Regional Food Planning	A comprehensive food planning process at the community and regional levels: The creation of local and regional food planning mechanisms that integrate major local planning functions Plans for building local food reserves and related activities to prep
Community and Regional Food Planning	Strengthening the local and regional economy by promoting community and regional food systems: Integration of food system elements into urban, rural, and regional economic development plans Planning and development policies to enhance agriculture Pol
Community and Regional Food Planning	Planner roles: conduct assessments, advocate for more comprehensive approaches, integrate food plan recommendations into plans, assist non-profits, partner and coordinate with agencies and non-profits, and provide data and mapping support.
Group Home:	a dwelling unit occupied as a single housekeeping unit in a family-like environment by up to 12-15 people with disabilities, plus support staff. It is a relatively permanent living arrangement where tenancy is measured in years. It can house people with
Halfway house or recovery community	a temporary living arrangement for persons leaving an institutional setting and in need of a supportive living arrangement in order to readjust to living outside the institution. Residents receive therapy and counseling to (a) help them recuperate from a
Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 added a new section to the Fair Housing Act t	A refusal to make reasonable accommodations in rules, policies, practices, or services, when such accommodations may be necessary to afford such person equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling. zoning and if refusal reasonable accomodation achieve a
Group Homes	More than 50 studies have examined community residences' impact on property values, and all researchers discovered that group homes and halfway houses do not affect property values and how long it takes to sell neighboring property (including the house ne
Mobile Homes	Design standards, uniformly applied to all forms of housing, can resolve these issues. Such standards should be proactive, non-discriminatory, and thoughtfully developed, rather than adopted in the heat of controversy.
Mobile Homes	An additional barrier to the placement of manufactured housing is the treatment of manufactured housing as personal property.
Historic and Cultural Resources	Threats to historic resources include: Diminished funding at federal and state levels Transportation projects Private property rights movement Complete demolition or retention only of building facades Ignorance of archaeological resources
Historic and Cultural Resources	APA supports efforts by local governments to integrate preservation into the land planning process, including incorporating preservation goals into the community master plan and coordinating preservation policies with local development policies. APA sup
mpact fees	re payments required by local governments of new development for the purpose of providing new or expanded public capital facilities required to serve that development. Fees are typically required in advance of the completion of development, and are based
mpact fees	rational nexusween the fee and the needs created by development and the benefits incurred by the development. There is a range of opinion regarding the relationship of the impact fee to the facility funded, but the rational nexus test is the one that is m
mpact fees	APA supports state enabling legislation that establishes clear and concise standards for the adoption and use of impact fees. APA encourages consideration of the use of impact fees as a means to provide additional resources for an adequate public infrast
mpact fees	New development should not bear more than its fair share of future facilities costs – this should be allocated on a community-wide basis.
mpact fees	APA supports continued dialogue between local planning agencies, the general public, and the development community to discuss a) the public costs associated with new development, b) how these costs are calculated, and c) means for financing these costs –
mpact fees	Fees cannot be used to cover normal O & M costs. Fees must be used for capital improvements or linkage (related to increased development) programs such as affordable housing, child care, or job training.
Neighborhood Collaborative Planning	Comprehensive plans be done within the context of a community-wide plan The comprehensive plan reflects neighborhood plans and neighborhood plans should support the broader needs of the community and region. Planning decisions should be directed to the
Neighborhood Collaborative Planning	APA defines neighborhoods as diverse, dynamic, social, and economic entities with unique characteristics, which are recognized by residents of both the neighborhood and community at large. Neighborhoods are the strategic building blocks of overall communi
Neighborhood Collaborative Planning	. Research has shown that the best neighborhood plans are developed by informed residents collaborating with decision-makers, service providers, and business leaders in a process designed and facilitated by neighborhood planners.
Neighborhood Collaborative Planning	Cities should incorporate neighborhood perspectives, establish city-wide goals and criteria for NP, ensure compatibility among the different plans (zoning/land use), encourage financial assistance, coordinate resources, designate a planner for neighborhoo
Neighborhood Collaborative Planning	mphasize a long term, staged improvement of neighborhoods in their entirety, in accordance with their needs as expressed through the community's adopted comprehensive plan. Give priority to the revitalization of neighborhoods experiencing deterioration a
Neighborhood Collaborative Planning	A definition of neighborhood boundaries — a description of how they were derived and how they apply to municipal service areas; A directory of who is involved and who should be involved in the planning process; A vision statement; Overall objectives fo
Surface Transportation	n 1991 Congress passed the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). ISTEA made key policy changes that strengthened the role of comprehensive planning in the transportation decision making process. Declared the Interstate Highway Sys
Surface Transportation	Data and public participation requirements, political process, increased stakeholders, coordination between agencies, and funding are all roadblocks
Surface Transportation	The levels of government (federal, state, local, tribal, regional) share responsibility for an interest in transportation planning. Provides equitable balance of each levels' specific and related interests. Encourage and support creation of collaborative
Surface Transportation	Funds for transportation investments should be flexibly applied. No single funding mechanism is likely to serve all transportation interests. Balance of categorical (subject-specific) with formula grants, with flexibility for local preferences regarding a
Planning for Sustainability	Sustainability is defined as the ability of the earth's resources to meet the demands of a growing human population, while maintaining the rich diversity of the natural environment. Physical, social, and economic patterns of human development affect susta
Planning for Sustainability	Global Indications of Unsustainability Global warming. Soil degradation/erosion. Deforestation. Species extinction. Declining fisheries. Economic inequity. In addition to these global indicators, a variety of local and regional indicators also sh
Planning for Sustainability	processes, practices and outcomes. processes, practices and outcomes.
Takings	The Supreme Court has established 4 rules that identify situations in which a regulation can amount to a taking: "All economically viable use" of the land has been denied. Where regulations force landowners to allow someone else onto the property. Wh
Takings	Takings can be avoided by: Establishing a sound basis for regulations through comp. planning and background studies. Instituting an administrative process that provides adequate information to apply takings balancing test, by placing burden of proof o
Water Resources Management	Only 0.5% of the water on earth is fresh water. Of that, 0.48% is ground water, the remaining 0.02% surface water. Total U.S. water use declined from 1990 to 1995 due to more efficient consumption.
Wetlands	Protect quality of surface waters. Natural means of flood control. Improve water quality. Source of food, shelter, breeding, nesting, spawning, and winter habitats for fish and wildlife.
Wetlands	Two main Groups - Coastal/tidal Wetlands and Inland/non-tidal Wetlands 5 Primary systems – Marine, Estuarine, Riverine, Lacustrine (lakes and ponds), Palustrine (swamps and marshes). A significant amount of natural wetlands have been lost as result of
Wetlands	Support Congress in Amending Section 404 of the Clean Water Act to protect isolated wetlands outside of the definition of "public waters." a. Encourage a watershed approach, b. Allow state and local governments to assume responsibility for specific po
Wetlands	Support the funding and authorizing legislation to establish a wetland information clearinghouse. Support state and federal legislation to provide funding to state and local governments for research, classify, and map wetlands ad their functions, and per
Wetlands	upport the funding and authorizing legislation to establish a wetland information clearinghouse. Support state and federal legislation to provide funding to state and local governments for research, classify, and map wetlands ad their functions, and perf
Peter Calthorpe	founded the Congress for New Urbanism
Tax Increment Financing	found to violate the first amendment’s freedom of speech.
Americans with Disabilities Act passed	1990
Drosscape
National Register of Historic Places	Department of the Interior is responsible for the National Park Service, which is responsible for overseeing the National Register of Historic Places.
Lawrence Veiller	the father of the modern housing code.
System survey	A systems survey will survey every Xth person.
Silt Fence and Streambank Stabilization	largely minimize sedimentation which may have minimal impact on swimmability.
Non point source pollution
Point Source pollution
Transfer of Development Rights	Creates an economic incentive to preserve land II. Creates a market for trading development rights III. Reduces sprawl
Oligotraphic lake	a deep lake with a low supply of nutrients and insignificant organic matter.
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)	1978
Palustrine	non-tidal wetland marsh
Oregon’s Measure 37	a land owner to be compensated if the land regulation results in a devaluation of the property if they are the owner at the time the regulation was put in place.
Metropolitan Statistical Area	a geographic entity defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget for use by federal statistical agencies that are based on the concept of at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree o
Coefficients of runoff
Purification Plants	The following are likely to be types of purification facilities found in your city: I. Filtration Plant II. Softening Plant III. Deferrization Plant IV. Demanganization Plant
Demanganization Plant
Deferrization Plant
Washington DC is	an example of the "City Beautiful" movement.
Resource Approach
Activity Approach
Christopher Stone's 1972	The book discusses the Sierra Club v. Morton, Secretary of the Interior (1972) case where the Sierra Club attempted to block the development of a ski resort in the Mineral King Valley in the Sequoia National Forest.
Parking Cash Out Program	employees can choose to have a parking space in a nearby parking garage or accept a cash payment to give up the parking space
change to a local zoning regulation	The proposed ordinance is a legislative action, the commissioner is free to discuss the matter outside of the public hearing process. While it would be helpful to the public to summarize the substance of those conversations during the public hearing, eith
transfer tax
Variance	average of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean
Local	A local street is designed to service land uses such as single family homes.
Arterial
Collector
Step Down Ratio method	akes the known population of a larger geographic area and extrapolates the population of a smaller geographic area based on the difference in population for a known year.
A wellhead protection ordinance	Primary Recharge Area II. Secondary Recharge Area III. Tertiary Recharge Area
Recharge Area
Types of Recharge Area
Library master plan	The size of the property II. The projected population of the service area at the time of build-out III. The inventory of materials to be available for use by library patrons IV. Traffic circulation patterns in and around the site not
Robert Weaver	first African-American to serve in the US Cabinet, as the head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
joint fact finding method	Overcome conflicting science II. Produce new data III. Identification of research gaps IV. Joint interpretation of data
Coalition Building	In this case bringing together organizations that support light rail to build a coalition would be most helpful. A open house could be used to inform the public about light rail. A public hearing could be used to express interest to the part of the city c
Regional input-output modeling system	provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis provides employment multipliers based on the North American Industrial Classification System which can be used to calculate a location quotient.
shift share analysis	provides information on the region’s share of employment in an industry compared to the national share, which is not what the Mayor is looking for.
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969:	equired the public and private sectors (when receiving federal funds) to conform to certain environmental standards
What established EPA?
Environmental Impact Statement
Environmental Indicator
Environmental Monitoring
he level of service that a governmental unit determines is adequate for public facilities funded by impact fees is important because developers may not be charged the costs of upgrading an existing system to better serve existing users and customers.	Development fees, such as impact fees, cannot be used to pay for the cost of upgrading an existing system or raise the level of service in the community.
Farmland protection or right-to-farm legislation	The right of a farmer with land in an agricultural district to be protected from nuisance suits brought by neighboring property owners
Peter Calthorpe	Congress for the New Urbanism
location quotient method	A location quotient of greater than 1 means that it is an exporting industry.
Navajo tribe	16 Million
Future Search	Create a timeline of the community II. Create a group mind map III. Identify highly differentiated points of view IV. Identify Common Futures
Future Search	2 ½ day event designed to result in a common vision of the future. The event is organized into five tasks of approximately 3-4 hours each.
Sound Mound test	assess flood risk and drinking water contamination. While the County has soil maps, you have hired a consultant to conduct a series of percolation tests. The consultant has proposed to use the following test, which is appropriate?
Deep trench test
Tile Field test
hectare	2.47 acres
albedo	Snow has highest
NEPA requirements	Current conditions and the probable impact of the proposed action II. Any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented III. The relationship between local short term uses of the environment and the maintenance
Hubbert Peak	he peak is the point in time when production reaches its maximum rate, after which the production peak will enter into a decline from which it will not recovery
Peak oil	situation where the petroleum output is at its maximum with a continued increase in demand.
Dedication of ROW	permissible and in what instances
Exaction	When permissbile and in what instances
Performance Bond
Teddy Roosevelt	responsible for establishing the Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge in 1903
Number of wildlife refuges today	There are 540 National Wildlife Refuges in the United States today.
Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996	The act ensures that schools, libraries and hospitals have access to advanced telecommunications services, but churches are not explicitly listed. II. The act prevents undue concentration of ownership so that a diversity of viewpoints can flourish.
Transactive planning
AICP Code of Ethics includes	A planner must have special concern for the long range consequences of present actions. II. A planner must pay special attention to the interrelatedness of decisions. IV. A planner must strive to provide full, clear, and accurate information on planni
Regional Transportation Plans
Regional Transportation Improvement Programs
Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART)	Began service in 1972
According to Energy Guide	closing air conditioning vents in an unoccupied room can save up to 10% on cooling costs
COG
MPO
Estuary
Groundwater	the freshwater under the earth’s surface in an aquifer or soil.
Texas	Texas’s population grew by 580,000 people as a result of population migration following Hurricane Katrina.
protecting these endangered species	Urban growth boundary
Down Zoning
Agricultural preservation zoning
Ebenezer Howard	development of two garden cities in England.
Quick Response Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters,	Published in 1978 includes trip estimation, generation, distribution, LOS
Fiscal impact analysis	best used for a single development project to determine the revenues and expenses of the project.
Revenue Bond	Bond associated with specific revenue generating activity
Lease-Purchase	Rent to own
Certificate of Obligation	When used as intended, Certificates of Obligation (CO) are necessary in the continuity of civil society.he voterless debt is allowed by state law, and the entities selling the bonds – which are paid back via taxes and fees – claim that the practice is use
Develop a plan that assesses the need for development within each watershed and create priority investment areas that permit development in the areas identified with the highest priorities
Performance standards would be established based on minimizing water pollution, user of pervious surfaces, contribution to the tax base, overall land suitability for development, compliance with the comprehensive plan, proximity to existing development an	Performance Stamdards
Chicago	United States oldest skyscraper.
Not an overlay usually a zoning district	Central business districts
Highways in Sector Theory	land along major roadways is given the highest value.
Sewer pipe	most common source of point-source pollution in your community
site plan review	The general purposes of site plan review are to protect the health, safety, convenience and welfare of the inhabitants of the community by providing a comprehensive review of land use and development plans on a site by site basis.
404 permits	Under the EPA guidelines that the Army Corps administers when considering whether to issue a section 404 permit, it may presume that other practical alternatives are available to the landowner unless it receives compelling proof to the contrary.there is a
404 permits	the appropriate representative of the state coastal zone management program that qualifies under the federal Coastal Zone Management Act objects to the project, the Army Corps may not issue a section 404 permit.
404 permits	Section 404 permits are subject to consistency determinations under the Coastal Zone Management Program.
404 permits	Answer C is incorrect because the County does not have the ability to prevent the issuance of a permit based on the habitat conversion plan
Wrote edgeless city in 2002	Robert Lang
element(s) of a comprehensive plan	Demographics II. Land Use Plan III. Implementation Schedule IV. Historic Preservation
City Walk	a technique used to sensitize people to community problems and opportunities.
Wheeler-Howard Act	restored land management to Native Americans in order to create an economic foundation for residents.
Empowerment Planning	Enable residents to help control their planning process used in the 9th ward. facilitate, using our skil llevel
Cross sectional survey
Sampling Survey
Longitudinal Survey
Permit issued	vested right to complete the project that is underway based on the City’s existing ordinance Corporation’s investment expectations of the property
Vested Right	A vested right has occurred because the building permit was issued for the project and the property was zoned for the use which is being constructed.
UrbanSim	analyze urban development, considering the interactions between land use, transportation, and public policy on a regional scale.
CommunityViz	3D calculate econ socio
SketchUP	ketchUp, marketed officially as Trimble SketchUp, is a 3D modeling program for applications such as architectural, civil and mechanical engineering, film, and video game design. A freeware version, Sketchup Make, and a paid version with additional functio
Sierra Club was founded in	1892
concurrency requirement	means that development cannot occur until capital improvements are in place.
building permit caps
moratorium
AICP Code of Ethics road widening	Assist in the clarification of community goals, objectives and policies in plan-making
overturned the “substantial advancement” test established in the Agins (1980) case	Lingle v. Chevron
Consensus building	Bring together the stakeholders to work together to come to a solution
Coalition building	brings parties who agree together to promote an idea
town hall meeting	Good to identify issues. can be used to identify key issues
Focus groups	might be useful in understanding the issue further can be most helpful after the project has been initiated.
enterprise fund	an account established to manage the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity such as a golf course, zoo, parking garage, minor league base ball park etc.
Herbert Simon	Herbert Simon was best known for satisficing.
responsible for flood protection planning	US Army Corp of Engineers
Commonwealth of Massachusetts v US EPA	EPA needs a reasonable explanation for why greenhouse gases would not be regulated.
Wrack	Algae, plant & animal materials that accumulate on beaches at high water marks
Discrete variable	fixed
Marriage rate	Declined from 72 percent in 1960 to 51 percent in 2010
Before City Humane?	City Functional came after II. City Efficient III. City Beautiful IV. Public Health
Billboard regulation	n order to ensure that the systems for allowing design review by a design review board or historic preservation commission do not amount to an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority, the emerging trend is for courts to require legislative bo
Billboard regulation	Design standards for reviewing plans based on "compatibility" or "congruity" may be called "contextual" standards and can be applied by referring to the character of the physical environment of the neighborhood.
Revenue Bond	Ticket sales
Variance	property owner has evidence that the property is unique and distinct from others in the area
Conditional USE	A special use permit is a US term, which allows a specific exception to the zoning regulations from a list of acceptable exceptions for a particular parcel of land in a district of a particular zoning character. The local zoning authority reviews and gran
Accesory Use	n accessory use is a secondary activity incidental to the primary use of the property
Supplemental USe	he Supplemental Use Regulations set forth additional standards for certain uses located within the various zoning districts. These regulations recognize that certain use types have characteristics that require additional controls in order to protect p
tribal designated statistical area	unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized area.
191 million	total acreage of national forestland
Public hearing	appropriate at the end rather than the beginning of a process
Transportation Improvement Program	preparing your three to five year prioritized program of transportation projects for the metro area
Environmental Justice	old community meetings in the areas that have the potential to be locations for a hazardous waste dump to determine community sentiment about the dump
5 years	smallest time frame using a cohort survival method of population analysis.
Conservation zoning	can be used to concentrate houses into one area while preserving a portion of the land for agriculture.
Union Pacific and Central Pacific	Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads joined at Promontory Point, Utah to form the first transcontinental railroad.
Proportional Valuation Method	fiscal analysis that estimates the average costs of the proposed office development is known as Proportional Valuation Method.
National Scenic Byway program	provides guidelines for the preparation of a corridor plan
SAFETEA-LU and Transportation Enhancement funds could be used to implement a corridor plan,	Implement not guidance
consolidated plan
French v. City of New York	Court found that TDR is an inappropriate method to compensate the landowner for a taking by the City of New York.
building permit	Police power
An EIS	conducted using a mix of scoping, analysis, and assessment.
Future value/discount rate
total acreage of tribal land	52 Million
Food Systems Planning	Developing agricultural protection policies II. Modifying the zoning ordinance to encourage community gardening III. Studying the transportation network used by food suppliers to bring goods to market IV. Promote local farmers markets
ZIP Code	Zone Improvement Plan Code
Section A3 Planners Responsibility to Our Profession and Colleagues
Coffee Klatch	A coffee klatch is a small, informal discussion with a group of people in a private home with light refreshments. The planner typically has a short presentation followed by questions and discussion.
Regression Analysis	A regression compares the relationship between two or more variables.
Clean Water Act d	Regulates development of wetlands II. Regulates water pollution III. Regulates toxic runoff and chemical contamination
neighborhood planning process	Engage the public II. Define the problems III. Present the necessary information IV. Identify Goals
Hoshin	Hoshin Kanri is a system for strategic planning that: Selects a key objective. Aligns implementation plans at all levels. Implements, reviews, and improves the plan on an ongoing basis.Hoshin planning creates a process whereby everyone in the organizat
SNOT
Computer-Aided Negotiation
STELLA	STELLA is a flexible computer modeling package with an easy, intuitive interface that allows users to construct dynamic models that realistically simulate biological systems (visit the High Performance System website for more information). Given the comb
many acres of tribal land are in Alaska?	40 million
Consensus Conference	incorporate public opinion and values into this complex scientific planning issue and will allow for the formulation of a consensus position. Correct
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon	922 US Supreme Court case set forth the "balancing of interests" approach for reviewing taking claims. Not too far
City of Rancho Palos Verdes v Abrams	respondent argued that the city had violated telecommunications act by discriminating against a commercial enterprise. City of Rancho Palos Verdes established that there are administrative procedures to remedy violations of the telecommunications act and
Neotraditional Development,	Mixed Use II. Multimodal III. Contains Public Spaces
Indian Reorganization Act	Organization of Native Americans residing on reservations III. Adoption of constitutions for Native Americans living on reservations
Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (1990)	Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (1990) created the HOME program.
Average size of Department, Grocery Stores, Restaurant and Discount
Biomass	Biomass is plants or trees that are grown to be used to generate energy.
Lingle v. Chevron	Court found that the takings clause should be based on the severity of the burden that the regulation imposes upon property rights and not whether the effect of the regulation is to “substantially advance” governmental interest.
City of Cambridge divided its zoning into three kinds of districts: residential, business, and unrestricted. In the court case Nectow v. City of Cambridge	Fourteenth
Peter Drucker and MBO	Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees buy in to the objectives and understand what they are.
Le Corbusier	A linear design that is in the abstract shape of the human body II. Includes high-rise housing blocks laid out in long lines III. Significant green space
Shift Share	The correct answer is I and II only. In order to compare the share of employment in an industry you need to know the industry employment in the region and nation. Not community employment
Balancing of interest (Penn Coal	analyzing the nature and extent of the public interest involved and the nature and extent of the loss to the property owner
Plan making is a three-part process	Goals and visions; Analysis of current problems; and Creation of alternatives.
Strategic Planning is used to assist an organization in guiding its future	What is the current situation and how is that situation likely to change in the foreseeable future? Where are we going as an organization? How will we get there?
eight elements to a strategic plan:	Analyze the community’s needs. Identify results - determine what long-term objectives the city is going to pursue. Admit uncertainties - analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) relating to the objectives. Involve strategic s
Strategic planning is helpful in looking at the needed organizational changes or a particular issue, but it cannot be used to effectively plan a city as a whole. not comprehensive	strategic planning
Visioning	a process whereby citizens attend a series of meetings that provide the opportunity for them to offer input on how the community could be in the future. Planners use visioning processes to help citizens develop a conception of the future. The citizens dev
Goal	A goal is a general statement that may not be realized, but is something towards which to strive. An example would be a healthy environment.
Objective	a more specific and attainable statement. An example would be to increase the riparian buffer along the rivers and streams.
Cross Sectional survey	A cross-sectional survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time. For example, planners might conduct a survey on how parents feel about the quality of recreation facilities as of today.
longitudinal surveys	over a period of time
Written surveys	can be mailed, printed in a newspaper, or administered in a group setting. Written surveys are very popular when a planner is trying to obtain information from a broad audience, such as general opinions about the community. This is a low-cost survey metho
Group-administered surveys	re appropriate when there is a specific population that a planner is trying to target. This form of survey allows a high and quick response rate. The difficulty with administering this survey is getting everyone together to complete the survey. One exampl
Drop-off survey	allows the survey to be dropped off at someone’s residence or business. Respondents are free to complete the survey at their convenience. Response rates are higher than with a mail survey because the person dropping off the survey may have personal contac
Phone surveys	are useful when you need yes/no answers. Surveys on the phone or in person allow the interviewer to follow up and gain further explanation on answers. The response rate varies greatly, depending on the ability to reach potential respondents. This is an ex
Survey general	Make all questions clear (don't use technical jargon). Make sure each question only asks about one issue. Make questions as short as possible. Avoid negative items as they can confuse respondents. Avoid biased items and terms. Use a consistent respon
1:24000	1:24,000 means that 1 inch represents 2,000 linear feet.
1:62500	1:62,500 means that 1 inch represents 0.98 miles.
1:50000	1:500,000 means that 1 inch equals 7.89 miles.
1:200000	1:2,000,000 means that 1 inch equals 31.57 miles.
5280 feet	1 mile
three basic types of map projection	conic, cylindrical, and planar.
Contour lines	lines of equal elevationThe closer together the contour lines are, the steeper the terrain
contour interval	the distance between contour lines.
Slope	calcucalculated by the change in elevation divided by the horizontal distancelated by the change in elevation divided by the horizontal distance
Slope	0-0.5% = no drainage, not suited for development; 0.5-1% = no problems, ideal for all types of development; 1-3% = slight problems for large commercial areas; acceptable for residential; 3-5% = major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale resid
Slope	In order to calculate the slope, two points are identified. The slope is the change in the y-coordinate divided by the change in the x-coordinate. For example, if we have a height of 1 foot at point A and a height of 2 feet at point B, then the difference
Floor area ratio (FAR) is the ratio of the gross floor area of a building to its ground area.	The floor area of the building is measured to the middle of the outside walls and includes the inside walls as part of the calculation.
FAR	if a 20,000-square-feet parcel has a FAR limit of 0.5, then the floor area of the building or house on the site may not exceed 10,000 square feet.
Inferential Statistics	determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. We infer things about the population based on what is observed in the sample.
Central tendency	mean, median, and mode
Nominal data	Race, social security number, and sex are examples of nominal data. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for nominal data.
Ordinal data	values that are ranked so that inferences can be made regarding the magnitude. However, ordinal data has no fixed interval between values. Educational attainment or a letter grade on a test are examples of ordinal data. Mode and median are the only measu
Interval data	data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude
Range	. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
Variance	average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.Variance is a descriptor of a probability distribution, how far the numbers lie from the mean.To compute the variance, we first square each difference and sum it. (11.67)2+ (1.67)
Standard Deviation is the square root of the variance	simply the square root of the variance. In this case, the square root of 158.33 is $12.58.
Standard Error	standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error.
Confidence Interval	estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter.
Chi Square	s a non-parametric test statistic that provides a measure of the amount of difference between two frequency distributions. Chi Square is commonly used for probability distributions in inferential statistics. This Chi Square distribution is used to test th
Linear Method	he linear method uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population.
Symptomatic Method	The symptomatic method uses available data to estimate the current population.
stimating population can include water taps, phone lines, voter registration, and utility connections.
5th Amend. United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Company; U.S. Supreme Court (1896)	The Court ruled that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose. This was the first significant legal case dealing with historic preservation
5th Amend, Taking Fred French Investing Co. v. City of New York; New York Court of Appeals (1976)	n this case, the city had put in place a regulation that required the placement of a public park on private property, leaving no income producing use of the property. The Court invalidated the regulation, but it was not ruled as a taking that should recei
5th Amend Taking, First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles; U.S. Supreme Court (1987)	The court found that if a property is unusable for a period of time, then not only can the ordinance be set aside, but the property owner can subject the government to pay for damages. The court found that the County could either purchase the property out
5th Amend, Taking Keystone Bituminous Coal Association v. DeBenedictis; U.S. Supreme Court (1987)	The Court found that the enactment of regulations did not constitute a taking. The Court found that the enactment of the Act was justified by the public interests protected by the Act. Pennsylvania's Bituminous Mine Subsidence and Land Conservation Act pr
5th Amend, Taking FCC v. Florida Power Corporation; U.S. Supreme Court (1987)	The Court found that a taking had not occurred. The public utilities challenged a federal statute that authorized the Federal Communications Commission to regulate rents charged by utilities to cable TV operators for the use of utility poles.
5th Amend, Taking, TDR Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency; U.S. Supreme Court (1997)	he Court in this case was answering the question of whether an owner must attempt to sell their development rights before claiming a regulatory taking of property without just compensation. The Court found that Suitum's taking claim was ripe for adjudicat
5th Amend, Taking City of Monterey v. Del Monte Dunes at Monterey Ltd.; U.S. Supreme Court (1999)	e Supreme Court upheld a jury award of $1.45 million in favor of the development based on the city's repeated denials of a development permit for a 190-unit residential complex on ocean front property. The development was in conformance with the city's co
5th Amend Taking Palazzolo v. Rhode Island; U.S. Supreme Court (2001)	The property owner claimed inverse condemnation against the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council. The land owner was denied a permit to fill 18 acres of coastal wetlands to construct a beach club and was therefore an unlawful taking. The Supr
5th Amend, Taking Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. et al. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency et al.; U.S. Supreme Court (2002)	The Court found that the moratoria did not constitute a taking requiring compensation. The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency imposed two moratoria on development in the Lake Tahoe Basin while the agency formulated a comprehensive plan for the area. A group o
5th Amend, Taking, Stop the Beach Renourishment Inc v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2009)	The Supreme Court ruled that submerged lands that would be filled by the state did not represent a taking to the waterfront property owners.
14th Amend, Due Process and Taking Munn v. Illinois; U.S. Supreme Court (1876)	he Court found that a state law regulating pricing did not constitute a taking and violation of due process. The Court established the principle of public regulation of private businesses in the public interest. The Court found that the regulation of priv
14th Amend, Due Process Village of Belle Terre v. Boaraas; US Supreme Court (1974)	The court found that a community has the power to control lifestyle and values. The court extended the concept of zoning under police power to include a community’s desire for certain types of lifestyles. The court upheld a regulation that prohibited more
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan 14th Amend, Equal Protection/Due Process, Housing Development Corporation; US Supreme Court (1977)	The court reviewed a zoning case that denied a rezoning of a property from single-family to multi-family. The Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (MHDC), a nonprofit developer, contracted to purchase a tract within Arlington Heights in order to build r
14th Amendment, City of Boerne v. Flores; U.S. Supreme Court (1997)	This case challenged the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. The City of Boerne, Texas prohibited a church in a historic district from enlarging. The Supreme Court ruled that the act is an unconstitutional exercise of congressional powers that exceeded the
Reston Virginia 1962 New Town	Robert Simon, create place where people live work and play
Columbia MD 1963 New Town	14000 Acres, Private developer, Build a complete diverse city, Integrated churches, integration, income diversity, park system, retail centers
Mariemont Ohio	Emery and nolen, short blocks, green space and
new urbanism	Seaside FL Kentlands MD Celebration FL Mississsippi Coast 2005; Duany, Calthorpe, Plater-Zyberg; Walkability, mized use, urban design transportation
Typical local retailer store size	500-10,000
Chain Pharmacy	15000
Chain Bookstrore	30000
Superstore	100000
Supercenter	200000
Civil liberties for Urban Believers v City of Chicago RLUIPA	LUIPa .. important ... changes in compliance made it by right not conditional use
San Remo Hotel LR v City and County of San Francisco	state coutrts can adjudicate challenges to land use decisions
Norwood v Horney	Pull back from KeloNot deteriorating Econ factors not sole basis; can not predict deteriorating or blighted
CLEAN AIR Act Environmental Defense Council v Duke Energy	Have to apply ... permits for Clean Air Act
Burnham’s Plan for Chicago 1909	Daniel Burnham prepared the Plan for Chicago following the Columbian World Exposition.
Delphi Method	a structured process of public participation with the intent of coming to a consensus decision. The method was created in 1944 for the U.S. Army Air Force. A panel of selected, informed citizens and stakeholders are asked to complete a series of questionn
Facilitation	uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consensus. The facilitator is typically a volunteer from the community who is respected by all gr
Mediation	a method in which a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement. The mediator assists the parties in identifying and articulating their interests and priorities. The agreeme
public hearing	typically associated with the Planning Commission, City Council, or other governing bodies. These meetings allow formal citizen input at the end of a planning process. Public hearings are typically mandated by law. Hearings are typically ineffective at b
visual preference survey	a technique that can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments. Citizens are asked to view and evaluate a wide variety of pictures depicting houses, sites, building styles, streetscapes, etc. Scores are use
Coalition building	an effective method to achieve goals. Often goals of a comprehensive plan can only be achieved through building a coalition. A coalition is the working together of several organizations toward a common goal. There are two types of coalitions. The first t
Stakeholders' involvement	Design the process to fit the stakeholders' needs; Include all appropriate special interest groups; Identify shared common interests; Provide all stakeholders with information that is credible; Use professional facilitators where appropriate; Validat
Consensus building	egins with the identification of stakeholders to form a group. The consensus building exercise may begin with an attempt to develop an idea for the future. Stakeholders determine the key issues that need to be resolved. After the group has come to a resol

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