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AICP 2013 Set 2

Question	Answer
Natural increase	hildren can only be born into the first cohort, but people die in all of the cohorts, including the birth cohort. Children are born only to women of childbearing age, which means young girls and post-menopausal women have no direct effect on the number of
Shift-share analysis	zes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy. This analysis looks at the differential shift, proportional shift, and economic growth.
Input-output analysis	quantitative method that links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Input-output analysis is similar to economic base analysis in that it uses an economy’s structure to determine the economy in the future. This form of a
	Input-output analysis identifies primary suppliers, intermediate suppliers, intermediate purchasers, and final purchasers:
	economy’s total output is equal to total production plus intermediate sales.
input-output analysis,	a series of multipliers are applied to determine the spin-off employment. They are numerical coefficients which relate a change (a component of aggregate) in demand (or employment) to a consequent change in total income (or total employment). Thus, a "reg
American Community Survey	ACS replaced long form with census exception
	In 1990 and 2000, 65% of U.S. households responded to the initial Census by mail. In 2010, 74% of U.S. households responded by mail.
Urbanized Area	The Census Bureau defines an urbanized area wherever it finds an urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people. These urbanized areas may or may not contain any individual cities of 50,000 or more. In general, they must have a core with a population density of 1
Urban Cluster	Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) i	includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000 inhabitants), and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.
Primary MSA	is an area that meets the requirements for an MSA and has a population of one million or more and separate component areas that can be identified within the entire area.
Consolidated MSA	made up of several PMSA's. An example is the Dallas-Fort Worth Consolidated Metropolitan Area. Dallas and Fort Worth are each primary metropolitan statistical areas.
Megalopolis, Jean Gottman 1961	1961, Jean Gottman published Megalopolis, a book about the 300-mile-long urban area between Boston and Washington D.C. The Oxford Dictionary of Geography defines the term as "any many-centered, multi-city, urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants,
Census Tract	ypically has a population between 2,000 and 8,000 people. It is the smallest area where all information is released.
Census Block	s the smallest level at which the Census data is collected. There are typically 400 housing units per block.
Minor Civil Division	a unit only used in 29 states and usually corresponds to a municipality. Census County Divisions are used in the 21 states that do not have MCD's.
Tribal Designated Statistical Area	a unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized land area.
Threshold Population i	term that is under a number of government programs to determine program eligibility. For example, the Phase II Stormwater requirements automatically apply if a city meets the minimum threshold population. Another example is the Threshold Population to qu
Population Trend	ation has grown from 76 million people in 1900 to 308 million people in 2010. More than 27 million people were added during the 2000s.
Fastest growing metro areas	Palm Coast, Florida 2. St. George, Utah 3. Las Vegas-Paradise, Nevada 4. Raleigh-Cary, North Carolina 5. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida 6. Provo-Orem, Utah 7. Greeley, Colorado 8. Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, Texas 9. Myrtle Beac
Household size 2000 to 2010	household size went down from 3.1 in 1970 to 2.59 in 2010
American Community Survey	takes a sample of the population and projects the findings to the population as a whole. The ACS began on a nationwide basis back in 2005. The survey reaches 2.5% of the nation's population each year (1 in 40 addresses, approximately 3 million households)
UrbanSim	models planning and urban development
CommunityViz	oftware program that allows agencies to create 3D images
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)	It can provide a dense pattern of data points to create one foot contours for DEMs for use in watershed mapping and hydrologic modeling for flood control.
Fiscal Impact Analysis	if a developer plans to build a regional shopping mall, what will be the cost to extend and maintain infrastructure, provide police service, and transit access? The answers are then compared to the sales, property, and income tax generated from this new
Fiscal Impact Analysis	development project. However, fiscal impact analysis can also be used to examine the cumulative impact of land use decisions.
	iscal impact analysis should be used with caution. For example, even if multi-family housing creates a negative fiscal impact, this does not mean that multi-family housing should be limited within the city. Additionally, there are many factors that are no
Average Per Capita Method:	This is the simplest method, but it is also the least reliable. It divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per-capita cost for the jurisdiction. The result is multiplied by the expected new population a
Adjusted Per Capita Method:	The Adjusted Per Capita Method uses the figure calculated above and adjusts this based on expectations about the new development. This relies on subjective judgment.
Disaggregated Per Capita Method:	The Disaggregated Method estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses; for example, the cost of servicing a shopping center versus an apartment complex.
Dynamic Method:	The Dynamic Method applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. This method determines, for example, how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store and applies this to new development. This method requires
Fiscal Impact Analysis	One of the major challenges to conducting fiscal impact analysis is how to split costs. For example, capital purchases, such as roads, may occur in one year, but are financed over time. Multiple developments share the use of the facility. For example, a r
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)	creation of the Council on Environmental Quality
Scoping, first step in EIS	First contact between proponents and public; assist the preparers of the EIS to explain the project to the public and affected agencies
Environmental Impact Statement t	Introduction includes a statement of the Purpose and Need of the Proposed Action; Description of the Affected Environment; Range of Alternatives to the proposed action. Alternatives are considered the "heart" of the EIS; Analysis of the environmental i
Environmental Impact Statement	Probable impact of the proposed action; Any adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided; Alternatives to the proposed action; Relationship between local short-term uses of the environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term produc
CIP	capital budget is a one-year budget for capital expenditures, while a Capital Improvements Program (CIP) is a longer range (5-10 year) look at the capital needs of a community.
budget:	Budgeting can be used for resource allocation. A budget is a spending plan and is the principal mechanism for deciding priorities between programs; Budgeting can be used for financial control. It is one of the principal mechanisms for assuring resources
Line-item Budgeting	n line-item budgeting the emphasis is on projecting the budget for the next year while adding in inflationary costs. The advantage of this method is that it does not require any evaluation of existing services, it is easy to prepare and justify. Line-item
Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems (PPBS)	PPBS is focused on planning through accomplishing goals set by a department. The advantage of this method is that it helps departments place their programs in perspective and evaluate efforts and accomplishments. The disadvantage is that it is time-consum
Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems (PPBS)	Budget organized by program areas (includes program mission statements, objectives, and indicators of success); Long-range planning of goals, programs, and required resources; Policy analysis, cost-benefit analysis, program evaluation.
Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB)	ZBB emphasizes planning and fosters understanding within all units of an organization. The advantage of this method is that it requires a department to consider every aspect of its operation and concentrate on why it does things the way it does. This is a
Performance-based budget	Performance-based budgeting is focused on linking funding to performance measures. For example, funding could be tied to the amount of time it takes to process plat applications or building permits. Meeting performance goals results in funding increases.
	Performance-based budgeting includes the following components: Use of traditional function/object budget; Performance information on workload, productivity, outputs, and outcomes; Performance and spending may be linked through cost analysis, and prog
Pay-As-You-Go	s current funds to pay for capital improvement projects;
Reserve Funds	ones that have been saved for the purchase of future capital improvements;
General Obligation Bonds	oter-approved bonds for capital improvements. GO Bonds use the tax revenue of the government to pay back the debt;
Revenue Bond	use a fixed source of revenue to pay back the debt. For example, revenue bonds could be issued to pay for a new water main. The debt would be paid back through the water use fees. Revenue bonds are commonly used to finance utility improvements and special
Tax Increment Financing (TIF)	allows a designated area to have tax revenue increases used for capital improvements in that area.
Special Assessments	ows a particular group of people to assess the cost of a public improvement. For example, in Columbus, Ohio, the City has a plan to have every street lit by 2020. Property owners are offered the option of having regular street lights for free or ornamenta
Lease-purchase	llows a government to “rent-to-own.” The benefit is that the government does not have to borrow money to finance the acquisition of a major capital improvements.
Proportional	tax rate is the same regardless of income. For example, a property tax rate is the same regardless of the price of your home. A person who owns a $50,000 home pays the same proportion as a person who owns a $250,000 home;
Cost-benefit analysis	stimates the total monetary value of the benefits and costs to the community of a project(s) to determine whether they should be undertaken. Typically, this is used for public projects such as highways and other public facilities.
Cost-benefit analysis	Jules Dupuit in 1848n the United States, cost-benefit analysis became common as a result of the Federal Navigation Act of 1936. This act required that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertake waterway system projects when the total benefits exceed the c
Cost-benefit analysis	Cost-benefit analysis requires that all costs and benefits be converted to a monetary value. This means that social and environmental benefits, such as the preservation of open space, have a monetary value. This is one of the biggest challenges in conduct
Cost-effectiveness analysis	a method for selecting among competing projects when resources are limited, was developed by the military. For example, if a community has $50,000 to spend on park improvements then several different projects can be prepared, such as adding playground equ
Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM)	comprehensive way to evaluate a project. The GAM is a chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project’s goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group.
Gantt Chart	his chart focuses on the sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented as a single horizontal bar on an X-Y chart. The X-axis is the time scale over which the project will endure. The length of each task bar corresponds to t
Linear programming	is a project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution.
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)	eduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks. PERT is a good choice when precise time estimates are not available for project tasks. The U.S. Navy developed this method in the 1950s and it is now used widely in the d
Critical Path Method (CPM)	Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway.
PERT/CPM	PERT and CPM work when a project is of a large-scale. Typically, project management software is used to perform this kind of analysis. Over time these two methods evolved and are now considered one method, PERT/CPM.
Americans’ Views about Poverty and Economic Well-Being	The Census Bureau reported today that the nation’s poverty rate was unchanged at 15.0% in 2011 and that 46.2 million people lived in poverty, also not statistically different from 2010, a pattern change after three consecutive years of increase in both nu
Middle-Income Economics and Middle-Class Attitudes	A new Pew Research Center report documents a “lost decade” for middle-income Americans, analyzing government data that shows a decline in economic well-being and exploring findings from a new survey that adults who describe themselves as middle class are
The Middle Class Shrinks and Income Segregation Rises	In 1980, 23% of U.S. lower-income households lived in majority low-income neighborhoods; in 2010, that had risen to 28%. At the other end of the economic scale, the share of upper-income households living in majority upper-income neighborhoods doubled, to
Census Bureau Pushes Online Survey Response Option	The Census Bureau plans to take a big step into the world of digital data collection starting in January, offering more than 3 million households that receive the American Community Survey each year the option to respond online for the first time
Intermarried Couples: Trends and Characteristics	More than one-in-six new marriages these days (15%) take place between people from different race or ethnic groups, according to a report from the Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends project that uses data from the Census Bureau’s American C
Labor Force Growth Slows, Hispanic Share Grows	Hispanics will account for three-quarters of the growth in the nation’s labor force from 2010 to 2020, according to new projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). One major reason is that the Hispanic population is growing rapidly due to birth
How Much Did the Foreign-Born Population Grow?	How much did the U.S. foreign-born population grow from 2009 to 2010? According to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, the number grew by 1.5 million, or 4%. But a new Pew Hispanic Center analysis concludes that the growth was markedly lower
Marriage Rate Declines and Marriage Age Rises	A new Pew Research Center report confirms that marriage continues to lose market share among Americans to other arrangements, such as cohabitation or living alone. According to census data cited in the report, barely half of adults ages 18 and older are m
Multi-generational Living During Hard Times	The number of Americans living in multi-generational households shot up from 2007 to 2009, the years of the Great Recession, to a record 51.4 million people. A new report from the Pew Research Center reports on the demographics and economics of these hous
Latino Children in Poverty	For the first time, Latinos are the single largest group of poor children, outnumbering whites, according to census data analyzed in a new Pew Hispanic Center report on Hispanic childhood poverty.
Adding Context to the Census Bureau’s Income and Poverty Report	The Census Bureau reported today that the nation’s poverty rate grew to 15.1% in 2010, an increase for the third year in a row, and that median household income declined in 2010. Pew Research Center reports have documented the impact of the Great Recessio
Hispanic College Enrollment Grows Sharply	ncrease in the Hispanic population, ages 18-24, from 2009 to 2010: 7%. Increase in Hispanics enrolled in college, ages 18-24, from 2009 to 2010: 24%. Those numbers are from a new Pew Hispanic Center analysis of Census Bureau data from the Current Popula
Changing Pattern of Mexican-American Population Growth	Births have overtaken immigration as the main driver of population growth among Mexican-Americans, according to a report released today by the Pew Hispanic Center that uses U.S. and Mexican census data. The pattern from 2000-2010 was a change from the pre
	The proportion of children in the nation’s population is at an all-time low, according to a new analysis of important findings and trends from the first wave of 2010 Census data that has just been published by the Population Reference Bureau
	A new Pew Research Center report on the economics of cohabitation uses American Community Survey (ACS) data to compare the financial well-being–in terms of household income–of adults ages 30-44 who are married, living with an unmarried opposite-sex partne
Strong Mayor Council (large cities) vs Weak Mayor	Strong serves as admin
Commissioner System (least use)	Commisioner over each certain activites after Galveston
Council_Manager (suburban mid size)	Hire professional manager, hiring and firing
General purpose counties municipalities vs single purpose
Span of control, hierarchy	Toward Flat organization cut out middle man
Organizational Center	Staff functions -- budgeting, human resournces vs line functions -- direct relationship with customers
Work areas	Function -- transportation, historic preservation vs. Process -- zoning review, demographic analysis vs Time -- current vs long range vs Area -- neighborhoods
Centralization	Centralized -- function vs Decentralized -- typical by area
Comprehensive Planning	Legislative governing body, offical, future oriented key elements are demo land use transportation community facilities infrastructure
Strategic Planning -- organizational	Analyze Community Needs, Determine Long term objectives, SWOT Analysis, Involve Stakeholders, Develop and evaluate alternatives, Develop policies Conduct evaluations
Federal township range system	1700s, physical
section	one mile in each section
township is a grouping of 36 sections, 6 by 6
riparian rights	buy and sell riparian or water rights
oil and gas rights	usually sold
development rights	not air rights
Deed restrictions	Must serve a substantial purpose and not violate constitutional
performance bonds	Developer required to post a bond, final plat as shown within time frame. Govt may use bond money to cover costs. If not bond released
Square miles in a township	6 X 6 36
Zoning districts	permitted uses, uses by condition, bulk and dimensions of lots an buildings
	Cant relate what the sign says, but the size of the sign
Manufactured vs mobile homes	manufactured 1976 and HUD certified cannot be prevented
Form based districts	Form code is first not use, setbacks and forms with excluding other uses. Mixed uses; downtown
SmartCode	Shareware; Identify transects 1 rural preserved to 6 urban; intensity of development with form based on regulations
Planned Unit Development	Floating zone or conditional use, negotiated package; site zoning requirement increased density etc.
Performance Zoning	Intensity of land use vs use that is; performance of parcel impact on surrounding. 1973 Bucks County Penn. Points mitigate negative impacts, admin review
NonCONFORMING uses	New ordinance changes uses under district, legally nonconforming allowed to operate until nonoperational
amoritization schedule	gives owners on nonconforming use or signage to come into compliance
vested right	right to develop is established; valid permit substantial investment reliance on officials good faith
home occupations	home is emphasis and work is secondary; unlikely to have signage; limited
Congregate facilities is group facilities or group home	ADA not alcoholic, druggies; state control of group homes, retirement homes can be regulated
Supplemental uses	Special regulations, restrictions on secondary uses externalities, adult establishments, accessory uses, bed and breakfast, haz mat, day care, kennels, quarries
YOu cannot single out churches, VFW halls
RLUIPA religion land uses institutional persons act, prisoners --
Downzoning	Higher to lower intensity, business park to residential for instance. Property owners dislike and unless total diminishment in value
Board of Zoning Appeals (BZA)	Quasi-judicial, appealed to court systems not legislative; intention is to provide simple relief or hardship
USe variance (spot zoning) vs Area Variance	Unique to surrounding property, hardship, no reduction in property values, cause the need for the variance, not contrary to spirit of ordinance
The correct answer is c, development of a purchase of development rights program. While the other answers would protect agricultural land a purchase program guarantees that land will be preserved in perpetuity	Development of a purchase of development rights program
Zero Base Budgeting uses decision packages that can be independently decided upon for funding purposes.	ZBB
TIFs are best used in blighted areas that have the potential for an increased tax base. A TIF is used to finance public improvements through the increase in tax value on the surrounding property. A GO bond and special assessment could be used, but a TIF w	TIF vs General Obligation Bond
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California	The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was created in 1927 in order to create the Colorado River Aqueduct. It was built between 1933 and 1941 and is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. It ran a wat
Effluent Standards	re set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment. Effluent guidelines reduce the discharge of pollutants that have serious environmental impacts. The EPA has effluent guidelines for more than 50 categories.
Point Source Pollution	discharged directly from a specific site, such as a sewage treatment plant or an industrial pipe.
Non-point Source Pollution	ontaminated runoff from many sources
Aquifer	one or more strata of rock or sediment that is saturated and sufficiently permeable to yield economically significant quantities of water to wells or springs. An aquifer includes any geologic material that is currently used or could be used as a source of
Estuary	area where fresh water meets salt water
Lagoon	shallow body of water that is located alongside a coast.
Marsh	type of freshwater, brackish water or saltwater wetland found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts. It does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.
Reservoir	pond, lake, tank, or basin that can be used for the storage and control of water, and can be either natural or man-made.
Surface Water	rivers, lakes, oceans, ocean-like water bodies, and coastal tidal waters.
Swamp	freshwater wetland that has spongy, muddy land and a lot of water.
Watershed	region drained by, or contributing water to, a surface water body.
Wetlands	swamps, marshes, bogs, and other similar areas. They are areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands can be
Clean Air Act was passed in 1970 with major amendments in 1977 and 1990.	federal government sets ambient standards and the states must devise methods that enables these standards to be met. Air cannot be contained in one location, so Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) were created to measure air quality in airsheds. Like the
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)	relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment.
Ambient Air Quality Standards	maximum air contaminant concentrations allowed in the ambient air. national emissions of the six most common air pollutants have been reduced 25 percent since 1970. T
As of September 2002, there were 124 non-attainment areas
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899	rohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over any navigable waterway in the U.S. without Congressional approval. The Act also required Congressional approval for all wharfs, piers, or jetties, and the excavation or fill of navigabl
The Water Pollutant Control Act of 1948	allowed the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, in cooperation with other governmental entities, to prepare a comprehensive program for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary conditi
Water Quality Act of 1965	established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern.
Clean Water Act of 1966	construction grants for wastewater treatment facilities.
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972	later amended in 1990, focused efforts to reduce polluted runoff in 29 coastal states.
Federal Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972	mended the Water Pollutant Act of 1948. The amendments broadened the government’s authority over water pollution and restructured the authority for water pollution under the Environmental Protection Agency. The Act changed the enforcement from water quali
Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) of 1978	promoted alternative energy sources, energy efficiency, and reduced dependence on foreign oil. It also created a market for non-utility power producers and requires competition in the utility industry.
Environmental Indicators
R Values	This indicates the resistance to heat flow. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulation. A minimum R-value of 20 is recommended for residential use.
Transportation planning	happens at several scales. At a regional level, planners are concerned with traffic flows within an entire metropolitan area. At a neighborhood scale, attention shifts towards issues surrounding the traffic entering and leaving particular sites. At a site
Trip generation	deals with the number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate. Thus, it is a byproduct of land use and intensity of use, factors which "induce" people to travel. The propensity to make trips is also dependent on the characteristics of the jo
Origin-Destination Survey	his survey requires that road blocks be set up along major routes. The imaginary line that denotes the boundary of the study area is known as the cordon line. Motorists within the cordon area can then be sampled and asked questions on where they are comin
Cross tabulation models	can also be used to estimate trip generation. They allow for estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics. Needless to say, trip generation estimates based on current data becomes less and less vali
Some typical trip generation rates include:	11 daily trip ends for each 1,000 square feet of general office space 9.6 daily trip ends per single family residential dwelling 6.6 daily trip ends per apartment unit 43 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet of shopping center space 7 daily trip ends
Trip Distribution	examines where people are going. A region or area is often divided into traffic zones. Trip distribution information generally provides information on how many trips are made between each zone and every other zone. The trip distribution component of the p
gravity mode	a rather simple tool that attempts to quantify the rather complex trip generation relationships. It provides trip estimates based directly on the proportional attractiveness of the zone and inversely proportional to the trip length.
Modal Split	eals with how people get to where they want to go, and the form of transportation that they use. By having information on the number of people using their cars, various forms of mass transit, bicycles, or walking, we are able to estimate how many vehicles
AADT (	Average Annual Daily Traffic) is the amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year;
Design Hour Volume	is the capacity of the roadway to handle traffic
Traffic assignment	so known as trip assignment, allows us to use network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway by the hour. It basically gives us the information on the routes that will be used. Peak volumes can then be compared with DHV to see whic
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)	Vehicle miles of travel is a function of many factors, including topography, population density, travel distances between home and other daily destinations (such as work, shopping, and recreation), and the availability of mass transit. Communities vary i
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)	High VMT indicates that more vehicles are on the road to meet growing employment, errand, and other travel demands. It can also mean that the trip origins and destinations are getting further apart and travel times are becoming longer.
Road design	Road design focuses on everything from the nature of street hierarchy to actual design guidelines for local streets. While local or residential streets are designed to serve only local land uses, collectors are designed to serve some land uses directly wh
Typical local street standards	Typical local street standards include: 500 feet maximum tangents; Use of stop signs or speed bumps to reduce vehicles' speed; 150 feet between intersections; Clear site distances of 75 feet.
Disadvantages of the grid include	Maximum number of 4-way intersections, which can create conflicts; Tangent standards can not always be met; Grids result in the maximum pavement and utility line costs; Streets can be used as parallel short-cuts during rush hours; Grids can be very mo
maximum gradient	In areas with cold winters the maximum gradient is 5%; it is 8% for areas with mild winters.
Highway Capacity Manual	Transportation Research Board.
1939, President Roosevelt proposed a 43,000-km system of highways. In 1944, the Federal-Aid Highway Act	of which designated a 65,000-km national system of interstate highways, was passed. These highways were to be selected by the state highway departments. While this act authorized the highway system, it did not provide any funding.
Public Roads Administration (PRA	as responsible for implementing the highway system. In 1947, the PRA designated 60,640 km of interstate highways. In 1952, the Federal-Aid Highway Act authorized $25 million for the construction of interstate highways and another $175 million two years la
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962	reated the federal mandate for urban transportation planning in the U.S. It was passed at a time when urban areas were beginning to plan Interstate highway routes. The Act required that transportation projects in urbanized areas with population of 50,000
Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)	he Federal Highway Administration urban transportation planning regulations require a regional transportation plan, a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), and a unified planning work program for areas with populations of 200,000 or more. These items
Commute trip reduction (CTR)	one of the tools of a total transportation demand management plan. CTR programs provide commuters with resources and incentives to reduce their vehicle trips, particularly during peak commute hours.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD	TOD neighborhoods typically have a diameter of one-quarter to one-half mile (stations spaced 1/2 to 1 mile apart), which represents pedestrian scale distances.
Chicane	a series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway. Motorists reduce their speed by having to maneuver along the roadway
Choker	curb extension in the middle of a block. They narrow the street width to restrict the speed of traffic in each direction.
standard parking stal	9 feet by 18 feet.
	he second half of the 1800's was the time of the Public Health Movement. In 1855, the first model tenement was built in New York City. In 1879, the first dumbbell tenement was built. This form of housing was built throughout New York City but often had po
Tenement House Law of 1901,	outlawed dumbbell tenements.
Neighborhood Unit Concept	ach neighborhood is approximately 160 acres.
Public Works Administration (PWA),	reated in 1934. The PWA provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This represented the first federally supported public housing program.
1934, the National Housing Act was passed by Congress. It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.	established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.
Resettlement Administration	In 1935, the Resettlement Administration used New Deal funds to develop new towns. Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD, are all in existence today. In addition, 99 other communities were planned.
1944, the Serviceman's Readjustment Act,	mmonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
1966, Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act	966, the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act was the launch of the model cities program. The Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit. It also
National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974 r	gulated manufactured housing units and prohibited municipalities from regulating manufactured homes through the building code. The homes could be regulated in terms of location, size, and appearance. This act applied to all manufactured homes built in 197
Consolidated Plan	Beginning in 1995, the HUD required local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan in order to receive funding from a number of HUD programs. The Consolidated Plan is a collaborative process whereby a community establishes a unified vision for community
Consolidated Plan	Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME) Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG) Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA)
Consolidated Plan	both a process and a document. It is a process through which a community identifies its housing, homeless and community development needs and establishes multi-year goals, priorities and strategies and an annual action plan for addressing those needs. The
vacating plat	allows for a plat to be terminated prior to the selling of any lots.
subdivision regulations	To regulate subdivision development and implement planning policies; To implement plans for orderly growth and development within the city’s boundaries and ETJ; To ensure adequate provision for streets, alleys, parks, and other facilities indispensable
property owner must work with the city or county to develop a plat	Applicant submits a preliminary plat; Preliminary plat is reviewed by staff for compliance with subdivision regulations; Plat is then reviewed by the planning commission; Once the preliminary plat is approved by the planning commission, the property ow
extraterritorial jurisdiction	ETJ is a distance outside of the city limits where the subdivision regulations apply. The distance is specified under state law.
subdivision process	the property owner is frequently required to provide exactions, either in the form of dedication of land or payment in-lieu of dedication.
Dedication	gifts of land for public purposes, such as roads, parks, and utilities
Impact fees	are typically charged for off-site infrastructure that is needed to provide service to a development, such as a water or sewer main.
subdivision bonuses.	A subdivision bonus is the extension of development benefits beyond those normally offered in exchange for enhancements such as affordable housing, cluster housing, and open space preservation. The developer may receive assistance with infrastructure, im
What are the Purposes of Zoning?	Protect and maintain property values; Promote public health and safety; Protect the environment; Promote the aesthetic of a community; Manage traffic; Manage density; Encourage a variety of housing; Attract businesses and industries.
What does Zoning Regulate?	Land use Lot Size Density Building placement Building height Building bulk Setbacks Provision of adequate light and air Parking Landscaping Signage
Zoning	zoning is handled by government staff, the City Council (or County Commissioners), the Planning and Zoning Commission, and the Board of Zoning Appeals. The role of each of these bodies is discussed below.
Planning and Zoning Commission	required to issue recommendations in matters of zoning. These recommendations are made to a governing body (e.g., the City Council or County Commissioners). In other cases, P&Z renders final approval of cases.
Planning and Zoning Commission	Planning and Zoning Commission is made up of community residents and business owners. Members are appointed by the governing body.
Planning and Zoning Commissioners	d staff reports, visit sites prior to meetings, and come prepared to participate in discussions with applicants at P&Z meetings
City Council (or County Commission) and P&Z Commissioners	In order for a community to adopt zoning, two separate documents must be created: the zoning text and the zoning map.
Zoning Text	The zoning text, ordinance, or code lays out the exact regulations that the zoning is created to implement. It is a document that is adopted as law by the local governing body. The text must, at a minimum, establish the different zones applicable in the c
Zoning Amendments	There are two ways that zoning can be changed. One is an amendment to the zoning ordinance or text. The other is an amendment to the zoning map.
Euclidean Zoning	Euclidean zoning is named after the City of Euclid, Ohio. It places the most protective restrictions on residential land uses, less on commercial uses, and virtually none on industrial uses. This concept places the most restrictive zoning category, single
Cumulative Zoning	Cumulative zoning is less protective of various land uses than Euclidean zoning. Single-family residential districts are the most exclusive. However, in cumulative zoning, each successive zoning district allows all the uses from the previous zones: Sin
Modified Cumulative Zoning	A modified version of cumulative zoning has been developed to allow cities to provide a greater degree of protection than they could with cumulative zoning. In this type of zoning, districts are typically cumulative by type of land use. For example, a mul
The conditional use permit can be issued in one of two ways:	Run with the land Run with the ownership
The following are examples of information that should be collected when reviewing a proposed PUD:	Location of the property and all abutting properties and streets; Location and size of streets within the development; Location and proposed use of buildings within the development; Location and capacity of the nearest infrastructure and public facilit
overlay zoning	districts place more restrictions on the property owner.
overlay zoning	An overlay district or zone is a set of additional restrictions that are placed over the top of an existing zone. Two common overlays are for airports and historic preservation. Airport (Courtesy of Wikipedia)An airport overlay district is placed on th
National Corridor Planning	National Corridor Planning and Development Program is a grant program that is funded as part of SAFETEA-LU.
Federal Highway Administration	developed the National Scenic Byways Program in 1992
Greenway and blueways plans can achieve a number of goals including:	local level, they are often most effective at a regional level.Protecting natural resources; Providing alternative transportation options; Connecting neighborhoods with recreational opportunities; Promoting healthy communities; Creating economic devel
National Register of Historic Places definition, a historic district is:	"[A] geographically definable area, urban or rural, possessing a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united by past events or aesthetically by plan or physical development. A district may also comp
U.S. Department of the Interior's National Park Service oversees the National Register of Historic Places.	The National Register was created in 1966
National Register of Historic Places.	State and local governments can write their own criteria or use similar criteria based on the National Register. The district can have no restrictions on property owners or they can require strict adherence to historic rehabilitation standards. When imple
Downtown Planning	Land Use: Identify existing commercial, industrial, governmental, parking, and residential land uses. Development Needs: Identify existing businesses and economic activities. This may include the redevelopment potential of specific pieces of land and str
1912, Walter Mood, first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.	Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago, a
1914, Flavel Shurtleff	Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning.
n 1917, the American City Planning Institute of Planners (ACIP) was founded. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., was ACIP's first president.	he organization was renamed to American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939. The AIP was the forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP).
In 1925, the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning,	the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association.
1934, ASPO	the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded.
1971, AIP adopted	adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners.
In 1977, the first exam for AIP	membership was administered.
1978, the American Planning Association
1867, San Francisco	passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of obnoxious uses.
1903, Cleveland	created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner were responsible for the plan's development
1906, San Francisco	was the first major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles, using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham
1907, the first town planning board	created in Hartford, Connecticut.
1909, Daniel Burnham	created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago.
1909, Wisconsin	first state to pass enabling legislation
Los Angeles was the first city	use land use zoning to guide development.
1914, Newark, New Jersey	hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission, Harland Bartholomew.
1916, New York City	the first comprehensive zoning code, written by Edward Bassett.
1922, Los Angeles County	ormed the first regional planning commission.
1924, Secretary Herbert Hoover of the U.S. Department of Commerce	issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.
1925, The City of Cincinnati	the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.
1928, the U.S. Department of Commerce, under Secretary Herbert Hoover	released the Standard City Planning Enabling Act.
1933, the first U.S. National Planning Board was created	later renamed the National Resources Planning Board and then abolished in 1943.
1934, the first federally supported public housing was constructed in Cleveland,	the first to be occupied was located in Atlanta.
1961, Hawaii	the first state to introduce statewide zoning. later amended in 1978.
Planning of the Modern City 1916	Nelson Lewis
Local Planning Administration by Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941	This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association
Urban Land Use Planning by F. Stuart Chapin,	published in 1957
The Urban General Plan	TJ Kent, published in 1964.
With Heritage So Rich	edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966. This is a seminal book in historic preservation.
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces	y William Whyte, published in 1980. This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
Charles Abrams created the New York Housing Authority.	. In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that provided harsh criticism to the U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
Thomas Adams	an important planner during the Garden City movement. He was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth
Saul Alinsky w	advocate of community organizing. Alinsky organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radica
Robert Moses	transformed New York City’s public works from the 1930s through the 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways. He also built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing. More about Robert Moses from Wiki
Rexford Tugwell Rexford Tugwell	erved as the head of the Resettlement Administration. He worked on the greenbelt cities program, which sought construction of new, self-sufficient cities. Tugwell was closely involved in the development of Arthurdale, West Virginia, a Resettlement Adminis
Sir Raymond Unwin	n English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.
Catherine Bauer Wurster w	as a founder of American housing policy. She worked to reform policy that was related to housing and city planning. She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America. She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the pass
City Beautiful Movement:	City Beautiful leaders believed that creating a beautiful city would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives.
Burnham	The result of the City Beautiful movement was the creation of Beaux-Arts style civic centers. The first model civic center was the White City, created by Daniel Burnham in Chicago for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Another example of a City Bea
Garden City	self-contained, with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres. A Garden City would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas. The Garden City was intended to bring about economic and social reform
Letchworth	This was the first English city of its kind, and it was influential to the New Town Movement in the United States. Both communities were developed, but neither was self-contained. In the end, both became residential suburbs.
Sunnyside Gardens, New York. 1922	first effort at building a Garden City. A total of 77 acres in Queens was purchased and was planned to have 1,202 housing units.
Radburn, New Jersey 1928	construction of the first American Garden City. Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
the Resettlement Administration in 1935	President Roosevelt established. his agency was responsible for the New Towns program. The New Towns program developed three cities based on Howard's ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland. Additionally, 99 other new towns
Park Forest, Illinois	following World War II, Park Forest, Illinois was developed as a New Town.
Most lacked industry and true city centers and, in the end, most became residential suburbs.	failure of garden city
the Homestead Act	1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, which provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and a guarantee of five years of residence. The result was the settlement of 270 million acres, or 10% of the land area of the United States. In the sam
1891, the General Land Law Revision Act	This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
1897, Congress passed the Forest Management Act,	allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves.
1902, the U.S. Reclamation Act	allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.
1903, President Theodore Roosevelt	appointed a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for land development and management.
1906, the Antiquities Act	the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
The Chicago Plan of 1909,	developed by Daniel Burnham, was the first regional plan. It focused on incorporating ideas from the City Beautiful movement. It also focused on riverfront development and civic center spaces.
The Cincinnati Plan	ocused on infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission.
1922 and 1929, the Regional Plan for New York and Environs	The plan focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Stein and Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan.
, the U.S. Housing Act of 1954	the largest impetus for comprehensive planning. This Act required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701. One of the problems with the 701 plan is that it led to the creation of plans for the purpose of
Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs of 1970	addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation.
The 1970s also saw the introduction of the state into comprehensive planning. Oregon and Minnesota passed laws requiring comprehensive planning. In 1985, Florida passed a law that required communities to develop comprehensive plans.	1970s Comp planning
1997, Maryland adopted Smart Growth legislation that ties state-level capital investment to development in specific areas.	Smart Growth Maryland
Concentric Circle Burgess	Burgess was a sociologist who studied the growth of Chicago. He believed that cities grow in a series of outward rings. Land use is based on the distance from the downtown. There were five rings to his theory. The first is the central business district, w
Sector Theory	as developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939. Hoyt was in the real estate business in Chicago and was interested in high-end residential development. Hoyt disagreed with Burgess' conception of city growth. He argued that land uses vary based on transportation route
Multiple Nuclei Theory	developed by Harris and Ullman in 1945. They argued that cities develop a series of specific land use nuclei. A land use nucleus is formed because of accessibility to natural resources, clustering of similar uses, land prices, and the repelling power of
Central Place Theory	developed by Walter Christaller in 1933. This theory explains the size and spacing of cities. The theory states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range of people who are willing to travel to receive
Herbert Simon	satisficedeveloped the principle of bounded rationality, which accepts that the human mind is limited in its ability to solve problems. We instead choose alternatives that are good enough. Simon argues that the rational "economic man" should be replaced b
Wicked problems	those that are complicated and difficult to solve. For example, homelessness is a wicked problem. It is wicked because there is not one root cause and no one alternative could eliminate the problem. Rational planning can only work when the problem can be
criticism of rationality	at it does not specify who sets goals. Rationality is supposed to be value free. Goals are based on the public interest, as defined as the good of the whole community. Rational planning should not be used if there is not a consensus within a community on
1959, Charles Lindblom published the article "The Science of Muddling Through",	indblom argues that people make their plans and decisions in an incremental manner. He argues that people accomplish goals through a series of successive, limited comparisons.
959, Charles Lindblom published the article "The Science of Muddling Through",	Lindblom argues that decision-makers compare and evaluate increments. They do not attempt to analyze alternatives in detail, but instead consider where alternatives differ from one another or from what is being done presently. Decision makers consider onl
Amitai Etzioni	concept of mixed scanning as a compromise between the rational and incremental planning theories. Mixed scanning views planning decisions at two levels: the big picture and the small picture.
Advocacy Planning	he advocacy planner is responsible for a particular interest group in the community and would create plans that express that group’s values and objectives. Planners would either work directly for the interest group or as an inside advocate at city hall.
equity planning	during the 1970s and, as a result, helped make the needs of its low-income groups the highest priority. Krumholz's view on equity planning is that planners should work to redistribute power, resources, or participation away from the elite and toward the
Plans are evaluated on improvements to the quality of life, not the delivery of services.	personal and organizational development, not to specific community objectives.
John Friedmann	The planner meets with individuals in the community to discuss issues. Through a process of "mutual learning" the planner shares technical knowledge, while the citizen provide community knowledge. The planner meets with many people in the community in ord
John Friedmann	1987, John Friedmann published a book titled Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. In it he discusses the concept of radical planning.
Communicative planning	rew out of American pragmatic philosophy and European critical theory, essentially considering how citizens and planners come together to create a plan (American pragmatism). Additionally, it evolved out of advocacy planning and transactive planning. Howe
Adequate public facilities ordinance (APFO)	allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if the existing government services (water and sewer, roads, schools, fire and police) cannot support it. The APFO ensures that new development does not negatively impact a community's quality of
Big-box retail	located in communities across the country. Local governments have responded to big-box retail in a variety of ways, including square footage limitations, design standards, and site plan reviews. Big-box retail generally has 50,000 or more square feet in a
superfund sites	Superfund is the common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). There are more than 1,200 superfund sites across the U.S. A tax on the petroleum and chemical industries provide funding to help pay for t
Concentrated animal feeding operations	includes the practice of raising farm animals indoors and in high volumes. Local governments may be limited in their ability to regulate concentrated animal feeding operations because of the Right-to-Farm Acts, which limit the ability of local government
Context-Sensitive Design (CSD)	efers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values. The CSD allows design decisions to better balance economic, social and environmental objectives within the community. It promotes several key princip
Daylighting	the practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day. Daylighting is also used to describe the conversion of an enclosed drainage system to a mor
Edge city	escribes a relatively new concentration of business, shopping and entertainment outside a traditional urban area in what had recently been a surburb or rural community. The term was popularized in a 1991 book by Joel Garreau. Garreau argues that the edge
Form-based code	means of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-based codes create a predictable public realm by controlling physical form primarily through local government zoning regulations with a lesser focus on land use. Form-based codes addre
Maximum parking standards	This addresses the problem of overparking sites and providing excessive impervious cover. For example, some retailers provide enough parking for their busiest days of the year, leaving an empty parking lot for the rest of the year. Donald Shoup's The High
Teardown	a term that refers to the demolition of a home for the purposes of building a larger home on the same lot. This type of development frequently occurs in large cities and in neighborhoods convenient to employment centers. The APA published a PAS report tit
Growth Rate	Nation grew 9.7 percent
South 14.3 % and West 13.8%	fastest rates
Nevada grew fastest 35.1%
Plato, Missouri	Center of US Population
Gray tsunami	45 over 18 times as fast
All states	45-65, majority of voting population
Certain areas not renewing with younger	Florida, northeast, move back to advanced age
Suburbs are aging quickly, younger moving to urban
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act	Blue Urbanism
At least 1 million distinct species, less than 5 percent explored	Hypoxia, dead zone, phosphorous and nitrate level chemical concentrate kills everything... size of New Hampshire. Stormwater runoff
Open Space allows for people to propose topics to discuss and those who are interested choose to participate in that dialogue. The groups prepare summaries of their discussion to share with the entire group.
In 1954, the Council of Government movement (COGS) begins in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors' Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting area wide prob
In 1989, Calthorpe proposed the concept of the Pedestrian Pocket a mixed use development of up to 110 acres with a park at the center.
Regional tax sharing

Created by: cschartung

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