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NHA STUDY GUIDE
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| THE PROPER WAY TO DISPOSE OF A NEEDLE IS | put it into the sharps container w/o recapping it, immediately after withdrawing it |
| THE "GOOD SAMARITAN LAW" ENCOURAGES HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS TO: | provide medical care within the scope of their training at the scene of an accident without fear of being sued for negligence |
| IF A PATIENT REFUSES A VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE, THE PHLEBOTOMIST SHOULD | immediately report the refusal and actions taken to the nurse or doctor |
| MICROORGANISMS THAT CAUSE DISEASE | pathogenic |
| THIS VEIN IN THE ARM IS MOST SUBJECTED TO VENIPUNCTURE | median cubital vein |
| POST PRANDIAL | after a meal |
| TOURNIQUETS MAY BE LEFT ON THE PATIENT FOR | 1 min |
| THIS COMPLICATION RESULTS FROM REPEATED VEINPUNCTURE OF THE SAME | phlebitis |
| THE COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP THE CHAIN OF INFECTION ARE | source, susceptible host, mode of transmissions |
| A HEMATOMA CAN BE PREVENTED IF | pressure is place on the venipuncture site until the bleeding stops |
| ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES NEED WHAT KIND OF SPECIAL HANDLING | specimen must be chilled after collection |
| THE RECOMMENDED DEPTH FOR AN INFANT MICROCAPILLARY COLLECTION SHOULD NOT EXCEED | 2.0 mm |
| COMMON SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK ARE | pale, cold, clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, expressionless face/staring eyes |
| BACTERIA, VIRUSES, FUNGUS OR PARASITES BELONG TO WHICH TYPE OF HAZARD | biologic |
| EXAMPLES OF PPE | gloves, mask, face shield gown |
| ISOLATION IS CONDENSED INTO WHICH THREE CATEGORIES | airborne, droplet, contact |
| WHAT IS CONSIDERED A PREANALYTICAL ERROR | allergic reaction |
| DELIVERS OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, AND ENZYMES TO THE CELLS AND TO TRANSPORT CELLUAR WAST SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE & UREA TO THE ORGANS WHERE THEY CAN EXPELLED FROM THE BODY | circulatory circulation |
| THIS CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT VENTRICLE TO THE LUNGS & RETURNS OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE LUNGS TO THE | pulmonary cirulation |
| THIS CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE LEFT VENTRICLE THROUGHOUT THE BODY | systamic circulation |
| THIS IS AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE, BEING SITUATED BETWEEN THE RIGHT ATRIUM & RIGHT VENTRICLE | the tricuspid valve |
| A semi lunar valve situated between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery | pulmonic valve |
| the mitral valve is also known as | the bicuspid valve |
| THE INNER LAYER LINING OF THE HEART IS | endocardium |
| THE MUSCULAR MIDDLE LAYER OF THE HEART (THIS IS THE CONTRACTILE ELEMENT OF THE HEART IS | myocardium |
| THE FIBROUS OUTER LAYER OF THE HEART (THE CORONARY ARTERIES, WHICH SUPPLY BLOOD TO THE HEART ARE FOUND IN THIS LAYER) | epicardium |
| AORTA, ARTERIES, ARTERIOLES, CAPILLARIES, VENULES, VEINS, SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVAE | blood vessels |
| THE BLOOD VESSELS (EXCEPT FOR THE CAPILLARIES) ARE COMPOSED OF THESE 3 LAYERS | tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima |
| CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY | systematic circulation |
| THE OUTER CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYER OF THE BLOOD VESSEL | tunica adventitia |
| THE MIDDLE SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER OF THE BLOOD VESSEL | tunica media |
| THE INNER LAYER OF THE BLOOD VESSEL IS | tunica intima |
| CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY | the aorta, arteries & arterioles |
| THE VENULES, VEINS AND THE SUPERIOR/INFERIOR VENA CAVAE | carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
| THE CAPILLARIES ARE COMPOSED OF | endothlial cells |
| CAPILLARY BLOOD IS A MIXTURE | arterial & venous blood |
| THE AVERAGE ADULT HAS ____________ LITERS OF BLOOD | 5-6 |
| THE LIQUID PORTION OF BLOOD IS CALLED | plasma |
| THE CELLULAR PORTION OF BLOOD IS CALLED | formed elements |
| CONTAINS PROTEINS , AMINO ACIDS, GASES, ELECTROLYTES, SUGARS, HORMONES, MINERALS, VITAMINS AND WATER (92%) | plasma |
| THE THIN WALLS OF THE CAPILLARIES ALLOW RAPID EXCHANGE OF | oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products between the blood & tissue cells |
| PLASMA COMPROMISES WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE CIRCULATING BLOOD | 55% |
| THE FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD COMPRIMISE WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE CIRCULATING BLOOD | 45% |
| THE FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD CONTAIN | erthyocytes (99%), leukolytes, and thromocytes |
| THE ERUTHROCYTES CONTAIN AN OXYGEN CARRYING PROTEIN CALLED | hemoglobin |
| AN IMMATURE ERYTHOCYTE IS CALLED A | reticulocyte |
| RETICULOCYTES MATURE INTO ERYTHOCYTES IN HOW LONG | 1-2 days |
| HOW MANY RBC'S ARE CONTAINED PER MICROLITER OF BLOOD | 4.2-6.2 million |
| THE NORMAL LIFE SPAN OF RBC IS | 120 days |
| WHICH TYPE OF CELL PROVIDES THE BODY PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION? | wbc |
| THE NORMAL AMOUNT OF WBC'S FOR AN ADULT | 5,000-10,000 |
| AN INCREASE OF WBC AS SEEN IN CASES OF INFECTION & LEUKEMIA IS CALLED | leukolytes |
| A DECREASE IN WBC'S AS SEEN WITH VIRAL INFECTION OR CHEMOTHERAPY | leukopenia |
| HOW MANY TYPES OF WBC'S ARE IN THE BLOOD | 5 types |
| WHAT WBc IS THE MOST NUMEROUS & COMPROMISES 40%-60% OF WBC POPOULATION? | neutrophils |
| WHAT WBC IS PHAOCYTIC & INCREASES IN BACTERIAL INFECTION AND IS OFTEN THE FIRST ON THE SCENE | neutrophils |
| WHAT WBC INCREASES IN NUMBERS IN VIRAL INFECTIONS & PLAY A ROLE IN IMMUNITY | neutrophils |
| WHAT WBC IS THE 2ND MOST NUMEROUS, COMPROMISING 20%-40% OF THE WBC POPULATION | lymphocytes |
| WHAT WBC INCREASES IN NUMBERS IN VIRAL INFECTION & PLAY A ROLE IN IMMUNITY | lymphocytes |
| WHAT WBC IS THE LARGEST (3%-8% OF WBC POPULATION) | monocytes |
| WHAT WBC REPRESENTS 1%-3% AND NUMBERS INCREASE WITH ALLERGIES, SKIN INFECTIONS AND PARASITIC INFECTIONS | eosinophils |
| WHICH WBC REPRESENT 0%-1% & #'s of the population & carry histamine | basophils |
| ALL BLOOD CELLS NORMALLY ORIGINATE FROM STEM CELLS IN THE | bone marrow |
| THESE ARE SMALL IRREGULARLY SHAPED PACKETS OF CYTOPLASM FORMED IN THE BONE MARROW FROM MEGAKARYOCYTES & ARE ESSENTAIL FOR BLOOD COAGULATION | thrombocytes (platelets) |
| THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF PLATELETS PER MICROLITER OF BLOOD | 140,000-440,000 |
| PLATELETS HAVE A LIFE SPAN OF HOW MANY DAYS | 9-12 |
| THIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH BLOOD VESSELS ARE REPAIRED AFTER INJURY | hemostatis |
| FOUR STAGES OF HEMOSTATIS | vascular, platelet, coagulation, fibrinolysis |
| DURING THE PLATLET PHASE OF HEMOSTASIS PLATELETS STICK TO THE SITE FINALLY OFRMING A TEMPORARY PLATELET PLUG IN A PROCESS CALLED: | aggreation |
| The preferred site for venipuncture of the upper extremities is | the anticubital fossa |
| The three major veins located in the anticubital fossa are | median cubital, cephalic basilic vein |
| Veins that are hard or cordlike, caused by disease, inflammation, chemotherapy, or repeated venipuncture | sclerosed veins |
| winding crooked veins are called | tortuous veins |
| Do not draw blood from what kind of site | IV fluids |
| Do not draw blood from what kind of site | artificial a-v fistula site |
| The most common complication of phlebotomy procedure, indicating that blood has accumulated in the tissue surrounding the vein is | hematoma |
| This increase in proportion of formed elements to plasma caused by the tourniquet being left on more than two minutes | hemoconcentration |
| This common complication of phlebotomy procedure is caused by the needle going through the vein and/or failure to apply enough pressure on the site after withdrawl | hematoma |
| Inflammation of a vein as a result of repeated venipuncture on the vein | phlebitis |
| Tiny non raised red spots that appear on the skin from rupturing of the capillaries due to the tourniquet being left on or too tight | petechiae |
| A blood clot due to insufficient pressure applied after the withdrawl of a needle | thrombus |
| Inflammation of a vein with formation of a clot | thrombophlebitis |
| Systemic infection associated with the pressure of a pathogenic organish introduced during a venipuncuture | septicemia |
| This is an injury to underlying tissues caused by probing of the needle | trauma |
| Patient must abstain from eating for at least twelve hours | fasting |
| Accumulation of fluid in the tissues. collection from this tissue alters test result | edema |
| Permanant surgical connection berween an artery and a vein and can never be used to venipuncture | fistula |
| -cyte | cell |
| erythro- | red |
| -globin | protein |
| Heme- | blood |
| Leuko- | white |
| -olgy | study of |
| -lysis | destroy or breakdown |
| Hist- | tissue |
| Phleb- | vein |
| Thrombo- | clot |
| -otomy | incision/cut |
| -oma | tumor |
| Mega | Large |
| karyo | nucleus |
| anti | against |
| poly | more than one |
| phago | eat |
| pulmon | lung |
| -emia | blood circulation |
| -itis | inflammation |
| penia | deficiency |
| -statis | stopping or control |
| angio | vessel |
| bili | bile |
| necro | death |
| derm | skin |
| a-/an- | without |
| ambi | both |
| cryo | cold |
| brady | slow |
| endo | inside |
| cyan | blue |
| epi | on or over |
| iso | same |
| neo | new |
| peri | around or during |
| arteriio | artery |
| cephal | head |
| cubit | elbow |
| Condition in which normal red blood cells are reduced | anemia |
| serving to prevent the coagulation | anticoagulant |
| largest artery in the body | aorta |
| a minute arterial branch which leads to a capillary | arterioles |
| A vessel through which blood passes away from the heart to the tissue. The pulmonary is an exception the rule | artery |
| large vein on the inner side of the upper arm | basilic vein |
| artery which lies beneath the bailic vein in the antecubital fossa | branchial artery |
| smallest blood vessel that connects arteries | capillary |
| device which spins test tubes @ high speeds causing the heavy particles in the liquid to settle to the bottom and the lighter liquid to the top | centrifuge |
| large vein on the outermost side of the arm | cephalic arm |
| The treatment of disease by chemical agents | chemotherapy |
| protein subastance produced by elements of blood and tissue which form a network as the base of a clot | fibrinogen |
| bubbles caused by improper venipuncture | frothing |
| volume percentage of erythocytes in whole blood | hematocrit |
| destruction of red blood cells with the liberation of hemoglobin which diffuses into the surrounding fluid caused by frothing, not allowing the alcohol to dry on skin, shaking the tube and improper entry into the lumen of the vein | hemolysis |
| inflammation of the liver by virus or toxic origin | hepatitis |
| abnormally increased amounts of sugar in the blood system | hyperglycemia |
| abnormally low blood sugar | hypoglycemia |
| a disease characterized by excessive production of wbc | leukemia |
| abnormally high amounts of fat in the blood | lipemia |
| the major vein of the aantecubital fossa most commonly used for venipuncture | median cubital vein |
| veins found in the feet | metatarsal veins |
| first six weeks of birth | neonatal |
| to examine by touch | palpate |
| the scientific study of the nature of disease | pathology |
| blood obtained from the outer surface of the body | peripheral blood |
| pretaining to a meal | prandial |
| artery found in the wrist | radial artery |
| clear watery fluid which separates from the blood when centrifuged | serum |
| fainting | syncope |
| formation of a clot within a blood vessel | thrombosis |
| an injury or wrongful act to one person for which another person who caused the injury is legally responsible under a civil suit | tort |
| blood vessels carrying deoxgenated blood to the heart, except for the pulmonary which carries oxygenated blood | vein |
| blood obtained from a vein | venous blood |
| the amount of blood returning to the artia of the heart | venous return |
| a small cavity such as one of th lower chambers of the heart | venticle |
| blood containg all components, also referred to as macro method technique | whole blood |
| skin white blood cells, antibodies, interferon, lining in the body, body secretions | natural body defenses |
| widespread occurance of an infectious disease among a population | epidemic |
| an organism that lives within or upon another organism (worms) | parasite |
| the organism with or upon which a parasite lives | host |
| a disease producing agent. There are 6:virus, bacteria, rickettsias, protozoa, parasitic, worms, fungi | pathogen |
| the organism responsible for carrying a communicable disease from one host body to another | vectors |
| exists in vast numbers and lives everywhere (water, garbage, air, water, mouth) | bacteria |
| smallest parasitic organism, hardest to isolate | viruses |
| transmitted to man by ticks, lice | rickettsias |
| single celled parasite found in moist oil and bodies of water such as malaria | protozoa |
| survives in moist warm and dark environments such as ringworm and athletes foot | fungi |
| A preparation of weakened or dead bacteria of inoculation purpose | vaccine |
| Anticoagulant found in the yellow test tube | sps (sodium polyanetholesuflonate) |
| anticoagulant found in the light blue tube | sodium citrate |
| anticoagulant found in the green test tube | sodium/lithium/ammonia heparin |
| anticoagulant found in the lavender test tube | edta |
| What does the red/grey speckled test tube contain | clot activators |
| which test tube is sterile | yellow top |
| which section in the clinical lab, are the formed elements of the blood studied | hematology section |
| which section of the clinical lab is the most automated section in the laboratory | chemistry section |
| what are the three areas that the chemistry areas that the chemistry section divided in | electrophoresis, toxicology, immunochemistry |
| what does the toxicology area of the chemistry section do | analyzes plasma levels of drugs and poisons |
| What does the immunochemisty are of the chemistry section do | uses techniques such as radio ummunoassay & enzymes immunoassay to detect and measure substances such as hormones enzymes and drugs |
| What section of the lab collect, stores, and prepares blood for transfusions | blood bank |
| What section of the performs test to evaluate the patients immune response through the production of anitbodies | serology (immunology) section |
| what section of the lab is responsible for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in patient samples and for the hospital infection control? | microbiology section |
| what is the primary test performed in the microbiology section of the lab | culture and sensitivity (C&S)-used to detect and identify microorganisms and to determine the most effective antibiotic therapy |
| what section of the lab performs tests on the urine to detect disorders and infection of the kidney and urinary tract and to detect metabolic disorders such as diabetes melitus | urinalysis section |
| OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
| OSHA is responsible for | the identification of the various hazards present in the workplace and for the creation of rules and regulations to minimize exposure to such hazards |
| what emergency first and procedures should be used for external hemorrhage | Control the bleeding by elevation the affected part above the heart level and apply direct pressure to the wound. Never elevate a broken extremity |
| what is the first aid for shock | Maintain open airway for victim, call for help , keep victim laying down with the head lower than the rest of the body, keep victim warm, attempt to control any known bleeding or cause of shock |
| CPR stands for | cardiopulmonary resucitation |
| what are the 5 main types of mode of transmission | contact (direct/indirect), droplet, airborne, vehicle, vectorborne |
| what are some common entry sites for infection | broken skin, mucous membranes and body systems exposed to the external environment such as the respiratory, gastrointestal and reproductive systems |
| the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body | medical asepsis |
| what is the most important means of preventing the spread of infection | handwashing |
| ppe | personal protective equipment |
| what ppe's are used in barrier protection | gloves, masks goggles, face shields, respirator |
| what are the two tiers or levels of precautions regarding isolation procedure | standard precautions and transmission base precautions |
| the sharps injury log must contain at a minimum | the type and brand of device involved in the incident, the department or work area where the exposure incident occurred, an explanation of how the incident occured |
| what is informed consent | is a consent given by the patient who is made aware of any procedure to be performed to be performed its risks expected outcomes and alternatives |
| what is negligence | this is the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person who give under similar circumstances and someone suffers injury because of another's failure to live up to a required duty of care |
| what is the normal range for blood pressure | 90/60 140/90 |
| the top # of a blood pressure reading is when the heart is contracting called the | systolic |
| the bottom # of a blood pressure reading is when the heart is resting/relaxed called the | diastolic |
| Normal respiration rate | 12-14 BPM (breathes) |
| normal pulse/heartrate | 60-100 BPM (beats) |
| Tachycardia | pulse/heart rates above 100 BPM |
| bradycardia | pulse/heart rates below 60 BPM |
| Normal body temp | 97.6F - 99.6F |
| conversion formula from fahrenheit to celsius | subtract 32 multiply .555 |
| conversion formula from celsius to fahrenheit | multiply by 1.8 + 32 |
| Proper order of draw | blood cultures (black yellow, light blue, red, malbled red (orange for stat, green, lavender, grey, royal blue |
| anticoagulant in the grey test | powdered potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride |
| anticoagulant in the orange STAT | thrombin clot activator |
| light blue test | pt-coumadin, ppt-heparin, coagulation, protein, S&C, lupus anticoagulant |
| red test tube | blood grouping, RH factor, amebiasis, blastomycosis |
| red marbled/speckled test tube | serum-serology....pregnancy test |
| green test tube | ammonia, kidney test, immune diseases, T&B cell count, histamine |
| lavender/pink test tube | CBC, morphology of RBC, reticulyte count, sickle cell, T&B cell count, blood film, and differential |
| grey test tube | GTT, FBS, alcohol, cyanide lactic acid, vitamin c |
| Royal blue test tube | trace metals-arsenic, lead, maganese, mercury, zinc, copper, chromium |
| In the electrical circulation of blood, he sino atrial node fires for | FIRES-1MV 5 sec |
| In the electrical circulation blood, the atrial ventricle node hold for | HOLDS 1/10 sec |
| In the electrical circulation of blood the AV bundle (bundle of his) does what | SEPARATES-separate at the bundle of his allowing blood to move from the L & R atria to the L & R ventricle |
| In the electrical circulation of blood, the purkinje fibers do what | PUSHES OUT-network of fibers that work with the myracardial cells in the ventricles to help push the blood out of the heart |
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