Question 1

Accountability

Accepted Answer

The process of requiring students to demonstrate understanding of the topics they study as measured by standardized tests as well holding educators at all levels responsible for student performance

Question 2

Assessment

Accepted Answer

How student understanding is measured

Question 3

Autonomy

Accepted Answer

The capacity to control one's own professional life.

Question 4

Curriculum

Accepted Answer

The knowledge and skills that teachers teach and students are supposed to learn.

Question 5

Decision-making

Accepted Answer

Problem solving in ill-defined situations, based on professional knowledge.

Question 6

Ethics

Accepted Answer

Sets of moral standards for acceptable professional behavior.

Question 7

Extrinsic rewards

Accepted Answer

Rewards that come from outside oneself such as job security and vacations.

Question 8

High-stakes test

Accepted Answer

Assessments that states use to determine whether students will advance from one grade to another, graduate from H.S. or have access to specific fields of study

Question 9

Intrinsic rewards

Accepted Answer

Rewards that come from within oneself and are personally satisfying for emotional or intellectual reasons.

Question 10

Merit pay

Accepted Answer

A supplement to a teacher's base salary intended to reward superior performance or work in a high need area.

Question 11

Professional portfolio

Accepted Answer

A collection of representative work materials to document developing knowledge and skills

Question 12

Professionalism

Accepted Answer

An occupation characterized by a specialized body of knowledge with emphasis on autonomy, decision making, reflection and ethical standards for conduct.

Question 13

Reflection

Accepted Answer

The process of teachers' thinking about and analyzing their work to asses its effectiveness.

Question 14

Reforms

Accepted Answer

Suggested changes in teaching and teacher preparation intended to increase the amount students learn.

Question 15

Standards

Accepted Answer

Statements specifying what students should know and what skills they should have upon completing an area of study.

Question 16

Technician

Accepted Answer

A person who uses specific skills to complete well-defined tasks.

Question 17

Academy

Accepted Answer

A secondary school that focused on the practical needs of colonial America as a growing nation.

Question 18

Assimilation

Accepted Answer

A process of socializing people so that they adopt dominant social norms and patterns of behavior.

Question 19

Character education

Accepted Answer

A curriculum approach to developing student morality suggesting that moral values and positive character traits such as honesty and citizenship should be taught and rewarded

Question 20

Common School Movement

Accepted Answer

-1830-1860: Ignited by increase in transportation, manufacturing and immigrants led to poverty and crime. Citizens worried about the morals of the poor and the influence of their parents. School was agent for moral & social redemption.

Question 21

Compensatory Education Programs

Accepted Answer

Government attempts to create more equal educational opportunities for disadvantaged youth. ie. Head Start, Title I.

Question 22

Comprehensive High School

Accepted Answer

A secondary school that attemptsto meet the needs of all students by housing them together and providing curricular options. Ie. vocational or college-prep programs.

Question 23

English Classical School

Accepted Answer

A free secondary school designed to meet the needs of boys not planning to attend college.

Question 24

Head Start

Accepted Answer

A federal compensatory education program designed to help 3-5 y.o. disadvantaged children enter school ready to learn.

Question 25

Junior High School

Accepted Answer

Schools that were originally designed in the early 1900s to provide a unique academic curriculum for early adolescent youth.

Question 26

Latin Grammar School

Accepted Answer

Usually found in New England developed to help prepare boys for then entrance exam into Harvard w/ strong emphasis on Latin and Greek. Similar to how today's H.S. prepares students for college.

Question 27

Magnet Schools

Accepted Answer

Public schools that provide innovative or specialized programs that attempt to attract students from all parts of a district.

Question 28

Middle Schools

Accepted Answer

Schools, typically grades 6-8 designed to help students through the rapid social emotional and  intellectual changes characteristic of early adolescence.

Question 29

Normal Schools

Accepted Answer

State funded schools specifically established for public teacher education. Provided the teacher with a lab for learning using model classrooms to practice their new skills

Question 30

Old Deluder Satan Act

Accepted Answer

A law passed in 1647 in the state of Mass makes reference to "...one chief object of that old deluder, Satan, to keep men from the knowledge of the Scriptures..."

Question 31

Progressive Education

Accepted Answer

An educational philosophy emphasizing curricula that focus on real-world problem solving and individual development.

Question 32

Separate but equal

Accepted Answer

A policy of segregating minorities in education, transportation and housing if opportunities and facilities were considered equal to those of non-minorities.

Question 33

Title I

Accepted Answer

A federal compensatory education program that funds supplemental education services for low income students in elementary and secondary schools.

Question 34

Vouchers

Accepted Answer

A check or written document that parents can use to purchase educational services.

Question 35

War on Poverty

Accepted Answer

A general term for federal programs designed to eradicate poverty during the 1960s.

Question 36

Axiology

Accepted Answer

The branch of philosophy that considers values and ethics.

Question 37

Character Education

Accepted Answer

A curriculum approach to developing student morality suggesting that moral values and pos character traits such as honesty and citizenship should be emphasized, taught and rewarded

Question 38

Epistemology

Accepted Answer

The branch of philosophy that examines questions of how we come to know what we know.

Question 39

Essentialism

Accepted Answer

An educational philosophy suggesting that a critical core of knowledge and skills exists that all people should possess.

Question 40

Existentialism

Accepted Answer

A traditional philosophy suggesting that humanity isn't part of an orderly universe; rather individuals create their own realities.

Question 41

Idealism

Accepted Answer

A traditional philosophy asserting that ideas are the only reliable form of reality.

Question 42

Logic

Accepted Answer

THe branch of philosophy that examines the processes of deriving valid conclusions from basic principles.

Question 43

Methaphysics

Accepted Answer

(ontology) The branch of philosophy that considers WHAT we know.

Question 44

Normative Philosophy

Accepted Answer

A description of the way professionals ought to practice.

Question 45

Perennialism

Accepted Answer

An educational philosophy suggesting that nature - including human nature - is constant.

Question 46

Philosophy

Accepted Answer

The study of theories of knowledge, truth, existence, and morality.

Question 47

Philosophy of Education

Accepted Answer

A framework for thinking about educational issues, and a guide for professional practice.

Question 48

Postmodernism

Accepted Answer

An educational philosophy contending that many of the institutions in our society including schools are used by those in power to control and marginalize those who lack power.

Question 49

Pragmatism

Accepted Answer

A traditional philosophy that rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth, instead asserting that truth is "what works"

Question 50

Progressivism

Accepted Answer

An educational philosophy emphasizing curricula that focus on real-world problem solving and individual development.

Question 51

Realism

Accepted Answer

A traditional philosophy suggesting that the features of the universe exist whether or not a human being is there.

Question 52

Standards

Accepted Answer

Statements specifying what students should know and what skills they should have upon completing an area of study.

Question 53

Theory

Accepted Answer

A set of related principles that are based on observation and are used to explain additional observations.

Question 54

Block Grants

Accepted Answer

Federal monies provided to states and school districts with few restrictions for use

Question 55

Categorical Grants

Accepted Answer

Monies targeted for specific groups and designated purposes.

Question 56

Charter Schools

Accepted Answer

Alternative schools that are independently operated but publicly funded.

Question 57

Homeschooling

Accepted Answer

An educational option in which parents educate their children at home.

Question 58

Local School Board

Accepted Answer

A group of elected lay citizens responsible for setting policies that determine how a school district operates.

Question 59

Principal

Accepted Answer

The individual who has the ultimate administrative responsibility for the school's operation.

Question 60

School District

Accepted Answer

An administrative unit within a state, defined by geographical boundaries, and legally responsible for the public education of children within those boundaries.

Question 61

Site-based decision making

Accepted Answer

A school management reform movement that attempts to place increased responsibility for governance at the individual school level.

Question 62

State board of education

Accepted Answer

The legal governing body that exercises general control and supervision of the schools in a state.

Question 63

State office of education

Accepted Answer

Office responsible for implementing a state's education policy on a day-to-day basis.

Question 64

State tuition tax-credit plans

Accepted Answer

A variation on school voucher programs in which parents are given tax credits for money they spend on private-school tuition.

Question	Answer
Accountability	The process of requiring students to demonstrate understanding of the topics they study as measured by standardized tests as well holding educators at all levels responsible for student performance
Assessment	How student understanding is measured
Autonomy	The capacity to control one's own professional life.
Curriculum	The knowledge and skills that teachers teach and students are supposed to learn.
Decision-making	Problem solving in ill-defined situations, based on professional knowledge.
Ethics	Sets of moral standards for acceptable professional behavior.
Extrinsic rewards	Rewards that come from outside oneself such as job security and vacations.
High-stakes test	Assessments that states use to determine whether students will advance from one grade to another, graduate from H.S. or have access to specific fields of study
Intrinsic rewards	Rewards that come from within oneself and are personally satisfying for emotional or intellectual reasons.
Merit pay	A supplement to a teacher's base salary intended to reward superior performance or work in a high need area.
Professional portfolio	A collection of representative work materials to document developing knowledge and skills
Professionalism	An occupation characterized by a specialized body of knowledge with emphasis on autonomy, decision making, reflection and ethical standards for conduct.
Reflection	The process of teachers' thinking about and analyzing their work to asses its effectiveness.
Reforms	Suggested changes in teaching and teacher preparation intended to increase the amount students learn.
Standards	Statements specifying what students should know and what skills they should have upon completing an area of study.
Technician	A person who uses specific skills to complete well-defined tasks.
Academy	A secondary school that focused on the practical needs of colonial America as a growing nation.
Assimilation	A process of socializing people so that they adopt dominant social norms and patterns of behavior.
Character education	A curriculum approach to developing student morality suggesting that moral values and positive character traits such as honesty and citizenship should be taught and rewarded
Common School Movement	-1830-1860: Ignited by increase in transportation, manufacturing and immigrants led to poverty and crime. Citizens worried about the morals of the poor and the influence of their parents. School was agent for moral & social redemption.
Compensatory Education Programs	Government attempts to create more equal educational opportunities for disadvantaged youth. ie. Head Start, Title I.
Comprehensive High School	A secondary school that attemptsto meet the needs of all students by housing them together and providing curricular options. Ie. vocational or college-prep programs.
English Classical School	A free secondary school designed to meet the needs of boys not planning to attend college.
Head Start	A federal compensatory education program designed to help 3-5 y.o. disadvantaged children enter school ready to learn.
Junior High School	Schools that were originally designed in the early 1900s to provide a unique academic curriculum for early adolescent youth.
Latin Grammar School	Usually found in New England developed to help prepare boys for then entrance exam into Harvard w/ strong emphasis on Latin and Greek. Similar to how today's H.S. prepares students for college.
Magnet Schools	Public schools that provide innovative or specialized programs that attempt to attract students from all parts of a district.
Middle Schools	Schools, typically grades 6-8 designed to help students through the rapid social emotional and intellectual changes characteristic of early adolescence.
Normal Schools	State funded schools specifically established for public teacher education. Provided the teacher with a lab for learning using model classrooms to practice their new skills
Old Deluder Satan Act	A law passed in 1647 in the state of Mass makes reference to "...one chief object of that old deluder, Satan, to keep men from the knowledge of the Scriptures..."
Progressive Education	An educational philosophy emphasizing curricula that focus on real-world problem solving and individual development.
Separate but equal	A policy of segregating minorities in education, transportation and housing if opportunities and facilities were considered equal to those of non-minorities.
Title I	A federal compensatory education program that funds supplemental education services for low income students in elementary and secondary schools.
Vouchers	A check or written document that parents can use to purchase educational services.
War on Poverty	A general term for federal programs designed to eradicate poverty during the 1960s.
Axiology	The branch of philosophy that considers values and ethics.
Character Education	A curriculum approach to developing student morality suggesting that moral values and pos character traits such as honesty and citizenship should be emphasized, taught and rewarded
Epistemology	The branch of philosophy that examines questions of how we come to know what we know.
Essentialism	An educational philosophy suggesting that a critical core of knowledge and skills exists that all people should possess.
Existentialism	A traditional philosophy suggesting that humanity isn't part of an orderly universe; rather individuals create their own realities.
Idealism	A traditional philosophy asserting that ideas are the only reliable form of reality.
Logic	THe branch of philosophy that examines the processes of deriving valid conclusions from basic principles.
Methaphysics	(ontology) The branch of philosophy that considers WHAT we know.
Moral Physics
Normative Philosophy	A description of the way professionals ought to practice.
Perennialism	An educational philosophy suggesting that nature - including human nature - is constant.
Philosophy	The study of theories of knowledge, truth, existence, and morality.
Philosophy of Education	A framework for thinking about educational issues, and a guide for professional practice.
Postmodernism	An educational philosophy contending that many of the institutions in our society including schools are used by those in power to control and marginalize those who lack power.
Pragmatism	A traditional philosophy that rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth, instead asserting that truth is "what works"
Progressivism	An educational philosophy emphasizing curricula that focus on real-world problem solving and individual development.
Realism	A traditional philosophy suggesting that the features of the universe exist whether or not a human being is there.
Standards	Statements specifying what students should know and what skills they should have upon completing an area of study.
Theory	A set of related principles that are based on observation and are used to explain additional observations.
Block Grants	Federal monies provided to states and school districts with few restrictions for use
Categorical Grants	Monies targeted for specific groups and designated purposes.
Charter Schools	Alternative schools that are independently operated but publicly funded.
Homeschooling	An educational option in which parents educate their children at home.
Local School Board	A group of elected lay citizens responsible for setting policies that determine how a school district operates.
Principal	The individual who has the ultimate administrative responsibility for the school's operation.
School District	An administrative unit within a state, defined by geographical boundaries, and legally responsible for the public education of children within those boundaries.
Site-based decision making	A school management reform movement that attempts to place increased responsibility for governance at the individual school level.
State board of education	The legal governing body that exercises general control and supervision of the schools in a state.
State office of education	Office responsible for implementing a state's education policy on a day-to-day basis.
State tuition tax-credit plans	A variation on school voucher programs in which parents are given tax credits for money they spend on private-school tuition.
Superintendent	The school district's head administrative officer, along with his or her staff, responsible for implementing that policy in the district's school.
Voucher	A check or written document that parents can use to purchase educational services.
Academic Freedom	The right of teachers to choose both content and teaching methods based on their professional judgment.
Affirmative Action	A collection of policies and procedures designed to overcome past racial, ethnic, gender and disability discrimination.
Buckley Amendment	A federal act that makes school records open and accessible to students and their parents.
Copyright Laws	Federal laws designed to protect the intellectual property of authors, including printed matter, videos, computer software and various other types of original work.
Establishment Clause	The clause of the First Amendment that prohibits the establishment of a national religion.
Fair use guidelines	Policies that specify limitations in the use of copyrighted materials for educational purposes.
Free exercise clause	The clause of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from interfering with individuals' rights to hold religious beliefs and freely practice religion.
in loco parentis	A principle meaning "in place of the parents" that requires teachers to use the same judgment and care as parents in protecting the children under their supervision.
Licensure	The process by which a state evaluates the credentials of prospective teachers to ensure that they have achieved satisfactory levels of teaching competence and are morally fit to work with youth.
Negligence	A teacher's or other school employee's failure to exercise sufficient care in protecting students from injury.
Notoriety	The extent to which a teacher's behavior becomes known and controversial.
Professional Ethics	A set of moral standards for acceptable professional behavior.
Reduction in force	The elimination of teaching positions because of declining student enrollment or school funds. Also known as riffing.
Teaching Contract	A legal employment agreement between a teacher and a local school board.
Tenure	A legal safeguard that provides job security by preventing teacher dismissal without cause.
Assistive Technology	A set of adaptive tolls that support students with disabilities in learning activities and daily life tasks.
Bulletin Board	An electronic message center for a given topic.
Chat Room	A site on the Internet where many people can simultaneously communicate in real time.
Computer literacy	Comprehending how to use a computer effectively and efficiently.
Database program	A computer program that allows users to store, organize, and manipulate information including both text and numerical data.
Distance learning	Organized instructional programs in which teachers and learners, though physically separated are connected through technology.
E-mail	Electronic mail sent through the internet
Hypermedia	A linked form of multimedia that allows learners to make connections to different points in the program based on their background knowledge and learning progress.
Icon	Pictures displayed on computer screens that act as symbols for some action or item.
Instructional Technology
Internet	The complex web of interconnections among computers that allows people to communicate and share information worldwide.
Problem-based learning	An instructional strategy that uses a problem and the data gathered in attempts to solve it as the focal point of a lesson.
Simulations	Programs, either in software or web-based form that model a system or process
Software
Spreadsheet program	Computer programs that are used to organize and manipulate numerical data.
Tutorial	A software program that delivers an entire integrated instructional sequence similar to a teacher's instruction on the topic.
URL	Uniform Resource Locator. A series of letters or symbols that acts as a an address for a site on the Internet.
Web sites	A location on the World Wide Web identified with a uniform resource locator (URL).
Assimilation	A process of socializing people so that they adopt dominant social norms and patterns of behavior.
Caring	A teacher's investment in the protection and development of the young people in his or her class.
Culturally-responsive teaching	Instruction that acknowledges and accommodates cultural diversity.
Culture	The knowledge, attitudes, values, customs and behavior patterns that characterize a social group.
English as a second language (ESL) programs	Language program that emphasizes rapid transition to English.
Ethnicity	A person's ancestry; the way individuals identify themselves with the nation from which they or their ancestors came.
Immersion Programs	Language program that emphasizes rapid transition to English. Little to no emphasis on previous language.
Latchkey Children	Children who go home to empty houses after school and who are left alone until parents arrive home from work.
Learning Style	Students' personal approaches to learning, problem solving, and processing information.
Middle Class	Socioeconomic level composed of managers, administrators, and white-collar workes who perform non-manual labor.
Multicultural education	Education on multiple cultures
Resilient Students	Students placed at-risk who have been able to rise above adverse conditions to succeed in school and in other aspects of life.
Sexual harassment	Unwanted and/or unwelcome sexual behavior that interferes with a student;s sense of well-being
Single-gender classes and schools	Classes and schools where boys and girls are segregated for part or all of the day.
Socioeconomic status	(SES) The combination of family income, parents' occupations and the level of parental education.
Students placed at-risk	Students in danger of failing to complete their education with the skills necessary to survive in modern society.
Underclass	People with low incomes who continually struggle with economic problems.
Upper class	The socioeconomic class composed of highly educated (usually a college degree) highly paid (usually above $170,000) professionals who make up about 5% of the population.
Ellwood P. Cubberley	-State control of education -Wanted expert professional supervision of schools far removed from parents, other private interests and political interference. -Suggested Local districts submit to state administrators. State submits to the nation.
Horace Mann	Leading figure in the Common School Movement. Led the battle to create a state board of education. First Sec of state board of ed.
Robert Breckenridge	Father of public education in Kentucky State Superintendent from 1847-1852 Zealous Anti-Catholic
Pluralism	No pattern of schooling. Taught in a variety of settings to include: dame, public, academies, private, church, Sunday schools and libraries.
John Joseph Hughes	Catholic priest. Set into motion secularization of public schools.
Catherine Beecher	Challenged accepted notions of femininity and the education of women in the 19th century. Higher education should train women to be teachers.
Booker T. Washington	Founder of Tuskegee Institute and leading advocate for educational and economic improvement of blacks. Stressed learning by doing the task and not by theories or abstract ideas.
John Dewey	Alternative to drill and recitation. Ideas should be grounded in experience based on psychological & physical development as well as the world outside the classroom. Ideas formed the basis of progressive education.
Albert Shanker	Head of the American Federation of Teachers became most widely known educational figure in the history of organized labor.
Linda Brown Thompson	Known for single handedly bringing down segregation in schools in America. Brown v. Topeka Board of Education.
Jose Angel Gutiérrez	mobilized the community to demand equal treatment for Chicano students.
Deborah Meier	Founded Central Park Elem a highly successful alt sch emphasizing active learning. She succeeded by fostering democratic community, teachers greater autonomy in the running of a school, parents a voice in schooling, and promoting a family-oriented system
E.D. Hirsch, Jr.	The leading voice in the “back to basics” movement. Best known for "Cultural Literacy — What Every American Needs To Know" a list of facts, quotations and information to be essential knowledge for all Americans.
W.E.B. DuBois	Believe the "talented tenth" should have the same access to a college education as the white leaders of society.
Compulsory School Attendance	grounded in common law doctrine of parens patriae which means the state in its guardian role has the authority to enact reasonable laws for the welfare of its citizens and state.
Quantitative Research	Collect and analyze numerical data. Four types Descriptive, Correlational, Casual Comparative, and Experimentive Research.
Qualitative Research	Collect and analyze narrative data. One of the two types of research classified as qualitative research strategies. Concerned with current events rather than past events.
Basic Research	Primarily concerned with the development of a theory
Applied Research	Primarily concerned with the application of a theory to the solution of problems. Three types Evaluation, Research & Development, and Action Research
Evaluation Research	Systematic process of gathering data to make decisions of educational relevance
Research & Development	Develops effective products for use in school. ie. teacher training materials, student learning materials, school management system
Action Research	Solve practical problems through the application of scientific method. Is concerned with immediate solutions to real problems
Historical Research	Involved in the study of past events. One of the two types of Qualitative research.
Descriptive Research	Includes collecting data to test hypothesises or answer questions regarding the subjects of the study.ie how do 2nd Grade teachers spend their time?
Correlational Research	attempts to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more numerical variables. ie. the relationship between intelligence and self esteem
Causal-comparative Research	attempts to establish cause and effect relationships among the variables of the study. ie the effect of having a working mother on absenteeism
Experimental Research	Like Casual-comparative in an attempt to establish cause and effect but the experimenter controls the cause (independent variable) ie the effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward school

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WGU FST5

WGU FST5 FOT: Schools & Society

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