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Body Structures

The Digestive System

Question	Answer
The digestive system is AKA the	gastrointestinal system (GI)
The gastrointestinal system (GI) prepares food for use by body's cells through five basic activities:	Ingestion, Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation
Ingestion involves	taking food into the oral cavity
Peristalsis is the	wave like muscular contractions of the GI system that push the food along the digestive tract
Borborygmos is the	gurgling sound produced by peristaltic movement
Borborygmos is AKA	bowel sounds (BS)
Digestionj is the	breakdown of food by both chemical and mechanical processes
Absorption is the	movement of digested food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the bodys cells
Defection is the	elimination from the body those substances that are indigestible and can not be absorbed
the journey of food through the GI system takes an average of	12 hours
the GI tract is AKA the	alimentary canal
The GI tract is a long continuous tube that runs from the	oral cavity to the anus
the length of the GI tract is approximately	30 feet long
Digestion begins in the	oral cavity
mechanical digestion involves chewing AKA	mastication
the tongue, labiae, and buccae keep the food	between the superior and inferior dentes (teeth)
the labiae are the	lips
The buccae are the	cheeks
The dentes are the	teeth
Between ages 6 months to 2 years there are how many teeth	20 temporary teeth
the 20 temporary teeth from 6 mongths to 2 years are also called the	Deciduous teeth
By age 13 there are how many permanent teeth	32
The 8 anterior (front) teeth are caled	incisors
The incisors are used to	cut food
The 4 teeth posterior to the incisors are called	canines
Canines AKA	cuspids
The canines (cuspids) are used to	tear food
The 8 teeth posterior to the canines (cuspids) are called	premolars
premolars AKA	bicuspids
the 12 teeth posterior to the premolars (bicuspids) are the	molars
the molars AKA	tricuspids
The premolars (bicuspids) and molars (tricuspids) are used to	grind food
the posterior molars (tricuspids) are AKA	wisdom teeth
each tooth is divided into three parts	the crown, the cervix (neck) and the root
the crown is the portion of each tooth above the	gingivae
the gingivae are the	gums
the crowns are covered by the hardest substance in the body called	enamel
the cervix (neck) of each tooth is the	connection between the crown anad root
the root of each tooth is embedded into sockets located in the	maxilla and mandible
the maxilla is the	superior jaw bone
the mandible is the	inferior jaw bone
chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity because of the secretion of	saliva
saliva contains an enzyme that breaks down starch called	amylase
saliva also contains an antibacterial enzyme called	Lysozyme
saliva is primarily produced in 3 glands called the	parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands
the hard palate forms the	anterior portion of the root of the oral cavity
the soft palate forms the	posterior portion of the oral cavity
hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate is a cone shaped muscular structure called the	uvula
the uvula prevents food from entering the	nasal cavity
the tongue is a muscular structure and is covered on the superior surface with small projections called	papillae
a catalyst is	something that causes a reaction
papillae contain sensory nerves and	taste buds
the four tastes are	sweet,sour,salty,bitter
Tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the	lingual frenulum
the anterior Labiae are connected to the gingivae by the	labial frenula
pharynx is the	throat
pharynx begins the process of	swallowing
swallowing aka	deglutition
esophagus is the	10 inch tube between the laryngopharynx AND the stomach
the proximal(beginning) esophagus passes through the	mediastinum
mediastinum is the	space between the lungs
the distal (end) esophagus pierces the diaphragm through the	esophageal hiatus
the diaphragm is the	primary muscle of ventilation
ventilation means	breathing
the sphincter that connects the esophagus to the stomach is called the	cardiac sphincter
cardiac sphincter is AKA	lower esophageal sphincter
a sphincter is a	ring of muscles that opens and closes
the stomach is located in the	left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen
the stomach is a bag of muscles designed to	churn, squash, and squeeze food into a liquid
the liquid food is called	chyme
chemical digestion occurs in the stomach due to	HCl (hydrochloric acid), Pepsin
pepsin begins the digestion of	protein
the stomach is protected from being dissolved by digestive enzymes doe to a	mucus layer
in 2 to 6 hours the stomach empties all its contents into the duodenum through the	pyloric sphincter
the duodenum is the	first section of the small intestine
the second section of the small intestine is the	jejunum
the third section of the small intestine is the	ilEum
80% of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the	small intestine primarily the duodenum
the nutrients absorbed in the small intestine include	simple sugars (glucose), amino acids (proteins), fatty acids, water, vitamins, minerals
the ileum empties into the large intestine through the	ilEoccal valve (sphincter)
the first section of the large intestine is called the	cecum
a fingerlike projection off of the cecum is called the	(vermiform) appendix
the appendix is located in the	RLQ right lower quadrant of the abdomen
more specifically the appendix is located in the	right inguinal (iliac) region of the abdomen
the second section of the large intestine is called the	ascending colon
the ascending colon turns left at the	hepatic flexure
the third section of the large intestine is called the	transverse colon
the transverse colon curves beneath the inferior portion of the spleen at the	splenic flexure
the fourth section of the large intestine is called the	descending colon
the fifth section of the large intestine is called the	sigmoid colon
the sixth section of the large intestine is called the	rectum
stool (feces) leaves the body through the	anus (anal sphincter)
stool (feces) is a	semi-solid waste expelled from the digestive system
the rectum fills, stretch receptors (sensory cells) in the rectal wall send impulses to the brain to initiate the act of emptying the rectum called	defecation (defecate) or bowel movement (BM)
an important function of the large intestine is to	absorb water
dehydration can cause the stool (feces) to become	hard and difficult to defecate
normal stool (feces) should be	brown and formed
the pancreas is located	retrogastric
retrogastric means	posterior to the stomach
the pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum that will	aid in chemical digestion and neutralize hydrochloric acid (HCl)
pancreatic enzymes include	amylase, trypsin, chymotripsin
pancreatic enzymes are carried from the pancreas to the duodenum through the	pancreatic duct
the pancreas also secretes the hormones	insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
insulin allows glucose (sugar) to	enter the bodys cells
the secretion of insulin causes	the blood sugar to fall
the secretion of glucagon stimulates the liver to	convert glycogen into glucose
the secretion of glucagon causes	the blood sugar level to rise
pancreatitis can be diagnosed by detecting high levels of	serum amylase
the liver is located in the	RUQ of the abdomen
the function of the liver include 1	production of heparin, prothrombin, and thrombin which are involved in the coagulation (clotting) mechanism
the function of the liver include 2	remove hemolyzed erythrocytes (bilirubin)
the function of the liver include 3	detoxifies poison (toxins) such as ammonias (NH3 subscript) alcohol (ETOH) and medications
the function of the liver include 4	stores excess glucose as glycogen
the function of the liver include 5	stores copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, +K
the function of the liver include 6	produces bile
bile is stored and concentrated in the	gall bladder
the function of bile is to	emulsify (break up) fats
the gall bladder is located	just inferior to the liver
bile is carried from the liver to the gall bladder via the	common hepatic duct
bile is carried from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the	common bile duct
LFT stands for	liver function test
liver function tests are used to detect	hepatic (liver) diseases
liver function tests (LFTs) include	Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP or Alk. Phos.), ALT AKA SGPT., AST AKA SGOT., LD AKA LDH, ammonia (NH sub 3) Albumin (Alb.) bilirubin (bili) or neonatal bilirubin hepatitis A virus (HAV) Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) hep B surface antibody (Anti-HB) HCV
HBsAg is a test to detect the	hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Anti-HB is a test to detect recovery or vaccination to the	hepatitis B virus (HBV)
other tests of the GI system include	UGI (upper GI) AKA barium swallow, lower GI AKA barium enema (BaE or BE), EGD esophagogastroduodenoscpy, GB series or GB ultrasound (gallbladder), colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy
an upper GI (UGI) and a lower GI are referred to as a	gastrointestinal (GI) series
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) refers to	the process of viewing the esophagus, stomach and duodenum with a lighted instrument
colonoscopy refers to	the process of viewing the colon with a lighted instrument
sigmoidoscopy refers to	the process of viewing the sigmoid colon with a lighted instrument

Created by: CandiRoque

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