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A&P
Study guide 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List level of complexity of Eukaryotic organisms starting with organelles through organ systems | Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System |
| What is assimilation? | Changing of absorbed substances in body to chemically different forms. |
| What is responsiveness? | Reaction to change |
| What is excretion? | Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions |
| What is homeostasis? | Maintaining of a stable environment. |
| What is a sagittal section? | Divides body into left and right portions. |
| What is anatomical position? | Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at sides with palms out. |
| What is superficial? | Close to body surface. |
| What is the parietal layer of the serous membrane? | Lines the body or cavity wall |
| What is the visceral layer of the serous membrane? | Covers an organ |
| What 4 elements make up more then 95% of the human body by weight? | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen |
| What is the special one or two letter code assigned to elements on the periodic table which represents the number of protons in the element? | Atomic number |
| What is an isotope? | Element that has a different atomic weight, variable number of neutrons in nucleus. |
| How is atomic weight calculated? | Total number of protons and neutrons |
| The various isotopes of an atom can vary in the number of what? | Neutrons |
| How many electrons can fit into the first atomic orbit? | two |
| If an element has 3 electrons in it's outer shell, what will happen when it forms an ionic bond with an element with 5 electrons in it's outer shell? | It will transfer the three electrons |
| What is the formula for a decomposition reaction? | AB -> A + B |
| What does it mean for a solution to have a neutral pH? | pH of 7, equal concentrations of H and OH |
| What are acids | Electrolytes that disassociate to release hydrogen ions in water. |
| What is an exchange reaction? Example? | Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds form. |
| What are electrolytes? | Substances that release ions into water. |
| What does the pH scale measure? | The concentration of hydrogen ions in water. |
| What is alkalosis? | Blood pH rises to 7.5 - 7.8 |
| What does the atomic number equal? | Atomic number is the number of protons in atom. |
| What does the atomic weight equal? | Atomic weight is the number of protons and neutrons in atom. |
| What type of chemical reaction is important in growth of body parts? | Synthesis |
| What is a covalent bond? | Atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons. |
| What in an ionic bond? | Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| What are cations? | Positively charged ion, occurs when atom loses electrons. Sodium, Calcium and Potassium are all cations. |
| An acid reacting to a base is an example of what type of chemical reaction? | Exchange reaction |
| Water will cause ionic bonds to do what? | Dissociate |
| What is formed when bases react with acids? | Salts |
| What type of bond is responsible for secondary structure of proteins? | Hydrogen bonds |
| What is the molecular formula for the simple carbohydrate? | C6H12O6 |
| What type of bonds are broken when proteins denature? | Hydrogen |
| What are saturated fats? | Molecules with only single carbon to carbon bonds |
| What is an enzyme? | Catalysts in living system |
| What is the function of DNA? | Stores genetic information, ability to replicate itself |
| Phenylketonuria in an inability to breakdown the amino acid phenylalanine. How would you modify diet? | Reduce protein intake |
| What is hydrolysis? | Chemical breakdown of compound by the reaction with water; breakdown into glucose and fructose |
| Name two major nucleic acids | Ribose, Deoxyribose |
| What is conformation? | Three dimensional shape such a protein |
| What elements are always found in organic compounds? | Carbon and Hydrogen |
| How many covalent bonds can carbon form? | 4 |
| What two places store glycogen in the human body? | LIver and Skeleton |
| What is a triglyceride? | Primarily used for energy, most common lipid in body |
| What is hydrophobic? What major class of organic compounds are hydrophobic? | Repels water; lipids |
| What is the half-life of Iodine-31? | 8.1 days |
| What is the half-life of Iron-59? | 45.1 days |
| What is the half-life of Phosphorous-32? | 14.3 days |
| What is the half-life of Cobalt-60? | 5.26 years |
| Which endocrine organ requires iodine to synthesize hormones? | Thyroid |
| Which radioisotope would be most lively used to study the thyroid gland? | Iodine-131 |
| Why is atomic radiation useful for treating cancer? | Harms cancer cells more readily |
| Carbonic acid contains two hydrogen, one carbon, and three oxygen atoms. Write correct molecular formula. | H2CO3 |
| What type of reaction is used to break down the food you at for dinner? | Decomposition |
| Glucose and glycogen are what type of compound? | Carbohydrate |
| What are the three major parts of the cell? | Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm |
| What is a selectively permeable membrane? | Non-polar barrier to most substances, formed the outer limiting barrier of a cell |
| What are the major organic compounds of a cell membrane? | Lipids and proteins |
| Describe the structural organization of a cell membrane | Bi-layer of phospholipids and proteins |
| What is an integral protein? | Embedded within and extend across lipid bi-layer, hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| The outside covering of vesicles is similar to what other structure of a cell? | Cell membrane |
| What is a lysosome? | "garbage disposal" of cell; small membrane sacs containing digestive enzymes |
| What is function of mitochondria? | Captures energy and stores ATP |
| What is the main function of cristae? | Increases surface area for more chemical reactions to occur. |
| Lipids are synthesized in which cellular organelle? | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| DNA is complexed with what type of organic molecule to form chromatin fibers? | Protein |
| What is found in the nucleolus? | Protein and RNA |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Control center of cell, contains most of genetic material |
| Which organelle contains that nucleolus? | Nucleus |
| What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share? | Passive transport across a concentration gradient |
| What will happen if the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher then the concentration inside the cell. | Glucose molecules will travel from highest area of concentration to lower area of concentration. |
| What happens to a red blood cell if it is placed in a hypotonic solution? | May cause hemolysis (rupturing). |
| What solution is isotonic for red blood cells? | .9 NACL |
| What happens to red blood cells if placed in hypertonic solution? | Cells may shrink (crenation) |
| What is osmosis? | Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to lower concentration through a semi-permiable membrane. |
| What is hypertonic solution? | Solution with a higher concentration of solutes then cytosol. |
| What is an isotonic solution? | Both cytosol and solution have same relative concentration of solutes. |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | Solution with a lower concentration of solutes then cytosol |
| What is phagocytosis? | Occurs when a cell engulfs a large particle into cell. |
| What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? | Movement of specific molecules from interstitial environment into a cell, requires bonding to a receptor. |
| Which transport methods do not require energy? Which transport methods require the use of energy? | Diffusion and passive transport mechanism; Active transport. |
| During which stage of the cell cycle do chromosomes duplicate? | Interphase |
| Which structures in the nucleus serve as a mitotic clock? | Telemeres |
| What happens if cells begin to divide uncontrollably? | Cancer |
| What two types of genes cause cancel when abnormal? | Tumor-suppresant genes, oncogenes |
| What are stem cells? What is their defining characteristic? | Copy makers, self-renewal |
| What are totipotent stem cells? | Can make any cell type |
| Why do bone cells and muscle cells differ in function? | Express different subsets |
| Define cell differentiation. | Cells that become specialized. |
| How are the elements arranged on the periodic table? | by atomic number |
| How do you determine the number of neurons in the atom if the given atomic weight and atomic number. | Atomic weight minus the atomic number |
| How many electrons are found in the second orbital of an atom? | 8 |
| What is biological half-life? | The time it takes for a radioactive substance to decay by half. |
| What is molecular formula? What is the formula for water? | Chemical shorthand. H2O |
| What is a double covalent bond? | Sharing two pairs of electrons |
| What is the other name for intracellular fluid? | cytosol |
| What is the most abundant lipid in the cell? | Phospholipid |
| Diffusion is the fastest under which two conditions? | Steep concentration gradient and high temperature |
| What is channel-mediated diffusion? What types of material are moved using this transport mechanism? | Substances combined with membrane protein to move through concentration gradient/cell membrane; Protein |
| What is crenation? | Shrinking of a red blood cell |
| Which type of transport moves glucose across cell membrane? | Carrier mediated diffusion |
| The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium and potassium. Which ion is pumped into cell? Which leaves cell? | Sodium in, potassium out. |
| What is pinocytosis? | Drinking |
| Which organelle provides enzymes for autolysis? | Lysosomes |
| Which body organ has cells that contain large quantities of smooth ER? | Liver |
| In which organ would you find cristae? | Mitochondria |
| What is the function of centrioles? | Spindle fibers |
| In humans, what type of cell bears a flagella? | sperm |
| What cellular structure would function to move mucus along in the trachea? | Cilia |
| What is a codon? | Messenger RNA |
| The replication of DNA occurs during which phase of interphase in the cell cycle? | S phase |
| What is the basic unit of structure and functions in all organisms? | Cell |
| What are nucleic acids and what are they composed of? | Encode amino acid sequences of proteins, composed of nucleotides |
| What are cellular adhesion molecules? What type of membrane protein are they? | Proteins on cell surface involved in binding with other cells; glycoproteins |
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum? | network of membraneous tubules, involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |
| What is apoptosis? | Death of cell |
| What are nuclear pores? What are their function? | transfer substances to and from nucleus and cytoplasm. |
| What is the cell cycle? | Series of events that take place prior to duplication or division |
| Stages of the cell cycle | Interphase (G1 S G2) Mitotic Phase: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| What are organelles? | specialized structure within the living cell |
| What is the difference between a totipotent and a pluripotent stem cell? | Totipotent cell gives rise to any type of cell; Pluripotent cell is derived from a totipotent cell |
| What are electrons? | Negatively charged part of atoms; revolve around nucleus of atom in shell(s). |
| What is an ion? | Atom or molecule with electric charge |
| What are amphipathic molecules? Name major amphipathic molecule found in cell. | Phospholipids; hydrophillic at one end and hydrophobic at the other |
| What is a chemical buffer? | Solution that can resist pH change |
| What are proteins? | Composed of one ore more long chains of amino acids |
| What are monosaccharides? | Most basic unit of carbohydrates; glucose |
| What are three parts that make up a nucleotide? | 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group |
| What is RNA? | Ribonucleic acid; messenger carrying |
| What is ATP? What is it made of? | Molecule that stores energy; adenosine triphosphate |
| Define quaternary structure in reference to proteins. | arrangement structure; beta pleated sheet or alphahelix |
| What forms the outer limited barrier of a cell? | cell membrane |
| What is the largest organelle in the cell? | Nucleus |
| What is the function of microtubules? | Cell structure, "conveyer belts" |
| What is cytokinesis? When does it begin? | Division of cytoplasm, overlaps with Anaphase and Telophase. |
Created by:
Jessicakammeyer