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AP EURO CH 22
Age of Unification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what was the crimean war? | Russia wants to extend control over ottoman provinces walachia and moldavia --> ottomans, britain, france, piedmont all declare war |
| what were the 2 disputes that led to crimean war | russia's protection over orthodox christians in OE, russia wants to control 2 ottoman provinces |
| what were the terms of the treaty of paris? | russia surrenders territory, black sea control, protectorship of orthodox christians |
| significance of crimean war | russia not a great power anymore, shattered Concert of Europe, reform in ottoman empire |
| what was tanzimat? 3 goals | period of reform in ottoman empire to liberalize economy, end tax farming, and get rid of corruption |
| what was the hatti i humayun | spelled out equal military + education rights of nonmuslims in OE |
| why was reform difficult in the OE? | independent rulers, power struggles, regional nationalism |
| underlying theme of reform in OE | reduce muslim authority in government |
| who was giussepi mazzini? | famous mid 19th century Italian nationalists + romantic republican |
| who was garibaldi? | romantic republican who captured S Italy but accepted piedmont leadership for sake of unification |
| who was camilo cavour | liberal prime minister of piedmont who unified italy |
| What were cavour's policies? | strong monarchy, material and economic progress unites italians, need french help |
| how did cavour use war to unite italy | helped french in crimean war, drove austria from N italy with french help |
| 3 problems that italy faced after unification | economic differences between urban north and rural South, resentment from clergy/republicans, corruption in gov |
| why was german unification single most important late 1800s poltiical development | transformed balance of power in europe |
| what was the german confederation | loose federation of 39 states whose reps met in frankfurt |
| why did the prospect of unification seem remote in 1850s | states trading, prussia given up, austria opposed unification, liberal weak |
| who was otto von bismarck and what did he believe | conservative prussian prime minister who wanted german unification + strong const monarchy and army, anti-liberal |
| why did bismarck embrace nationalism | to allow conservatives to defeat liberals |
| bismarks vision of united germany | german states united but excludes austria |
| what was the danish war, and significance | prussia + austria take back schleswig and holstein provinces from denmarck, which increases bismarck's power |
| result of austro prussian war/treaty of prague | italy gets venetia, austrians excluded form german affairs and prussia is most powerful german state |
| what were the provisions of the north german confederation | each state has a local gov, federal military, president, bicameral legislature of bundesrat and reichstag |
| what was the reichstag and how much power did it have | lower leglislative house that couldnt make laws and was responsible to monarch |
| how did bismarck crush prussian liberals | made monarch + army the most popular institution s in the country |
| why did bismarck want the franco prussian war | to complete unification of N and S Germany |
| what happened to spainish crown in 1868? how did france react | isabella replaced with Hohenzollern Prince leopold, and france objects |
| why did france later declare war on prussia | prussia insulted them and napolean III thought a victory would renew support for empire |
| outcome of franco prussian war/hall of mirrors at versailles | german empire delcared with states ruled by princes all under emperor william, germany got french land and & |
| what were the effects of german unification on europe | strong new state in central europe, hurt liberalism, austria + france weakeened and need reform |
| what did france change to and what did austria change | france went to republicanism, and austrians make peace with magyars |
| describe france during Napolean III early rule (1850s) | authoritarian rule where he controlled legislature and press, supported by army and church, protected property |
| what was france like after 1860 | Napoleon more liberal and failing at foreign policy + domestic popularity |
| what happened at battle of sedan | end of second empire bc napolean captured and paris declared republic |
| what was the paris commune | paris's separate gov, made of different kinds of radicals and socialists, wanted independent democrative enclaves |
| what was the 3rd republic | simple republic with chamber of deputies elected by universal male suffrage, senate, and elected president |
| what was the dreyfus affair | french captain dreyfus convicted of selling info to germans, conservatives think he's guily and liberal support him |
| what was the significance of the affair | radicals + republicans + socialists ally and conservatives weakened |
| how was the habsurg empire different from majority of europe | other places were liberal + insustrial but habsurbg was absolute, agrarian |
| what signaled the need for reform | loss of italy |
| what was the february patent? | set up new gov in austria with reichsrat, or bicameral imperial parliament that did not hold much power |
| what was the ausgliech | comromise of 1867 where austria and hungary united into dual monarchy |
| how did other nationalities in austria feel about the magyar indepenedence | opposed it because allowed austrians + magyars to dominate |
| what did the czechs of bohemia want | trialist triple monarchy |
| what became the most important factor in defining a nation | language |
| what types of people dominated nationalist groups | intellectuals, middle class |
| how did unrest of nationalities create problems? | nationals want to form states with nationals outside of empire --> disrupts foreign policy |
| what showed need for russian reform | defeat in crimean war + cultural gap from rest of europe |
| what was a major serfdom reform of alexander II and what were the problems | abolition of serfdom, but serfs did not have titles to land and were in debt |
| how did alexander reform the military | less brutal, period of service lowered + relaxed discipline |
| what were the gov reforms and judicial reforms | village commune replace feudal system and more organized, fairer judicial system, zemstovs councils, less corrupt |
| what happened in poland? | rebellion put down, serfs emancipated, russian gov imposed on poland and showed tsar not a true reformer |
| what is populism | radical revolution adopted by russian intellectuals based on life of peasants |
| what did killing of tsar alexander show | revolutionaries were violent + determined |
| policies of alexander III | repressive, supported censorship, bureaucracy + secret police |
| how was great britain different from the continental nations | did not have to create new liberal institutions |
| why did many believe in expanding the electorate | prosperity + social responsibility of working class |
| what was disraeli's Second Reform Bill, reason for it | expanded electorate so working class was included, to gain support for conservative party |
| what were disraeli's views | conservative, legistlation solves social problems, focus on foreign power, did not support irish home rule |
| what was gladstone | liberal, free trade solves social problems, focus on domestic, supported irish home rule |
| how was gladstone's ministry classic liberal? 4 ways | civil service uses ability, meritocracy, religious requirements gone, better education |
| what was the education act of 1870 | gov assumed responsibility of running elementary schools |
| what 3 reforms were made by disraeli | public health act, artisan dwelling act, protection to trade unions |
| what was home rule? | irish control of local gov |
| what 2 concessions did gladstone give to irish in 1860s and 70s | disestablished anglican church to catholics dont have to pay taxes, land act to aid irish tenant farmers |
| how did ireland finally achieve home rule | in 1903 conservatives sponser land act that makes ireland a country of small farms but dont really have independence until after WWI |
| significance of irish question -2 things | problems for britain, liberal party split |
Created by:
mhaq.16
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