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Soils exam 2 part 1
all from homework and previous exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A wetland or marsh would be classified as having a _____ moisture regime | aquic |
| _____ is a temperature regimes in tn | thermic |
| soil moisture regime with the lowest soil moisture level | aridic |
| most important soil forming factor for histols | organisms |
| most important soil forming factor in formation of spodosols | parent material |
| most important soil forming factor for gelisols | climate |
| Last year a new fence was built on an alabama farm. after of a winter of wet/dry periods, the posts are at different angles. what soils is under the ground? | vertisol |
| a diagnostic surface horizon is an | epipedom |
| the smallest 3 dimensional unit that can be called a soil that displays the full range of properties characteristic of a particular soil is a | pedon |
| the main element in the tetrahedral layer of clay minerals is | Si |
| the main element in the octahedral layer of clay minerals is | al |
| all other conditions being equal, in which environment would you expect an illuvial horizon to be found at the greatest depths? | humid |
| clay minerals are designated at 2:1 clays because | they are composed of a layer of octahedrons sandwiched between 2 tetrahedral layers |
| modified by humans due to repeated additions of manures | plaggen |
| modified by humans, it has a high content of phosphorous | anthropic |
| forms in volcanic materials, very black, >6% organic carbon >= 30 cm thick | melanic |
| forms in organic materials, low density, 20-60 cm thick | histic |
| dark colored due to >0.6% organic c, > 25cm thick, base saturation >50%, common under grasslands, praries | mellie |
| dark colored due to >0.6% organic c, > 25cm thick, base saturation <=50% develops in areas with high rainfall, parent material has lower content of ca and mg | umbrie |
| too light, thin, too low in organic carbon to be any other epipedon | ochric |
| base saturation is based on which 4 elements divided by cec | Ca, K, Mg, Na |
| spodic horizon | spodosl |
| permafrost | gelisol |
| vertisol | gilgai and slickensides |
| oxic horizon | oxisol |
| least developed soil | entisol |
| oldest extremly weathered soils | oxisol |
| histic epipedon | histosol |
| volcanic ash | andisol |
| sandy parent material | spondosl |
| It has a positive and a negative side | water molecule |
| involves both adhesion and cohesion | capalarity |
| ____(number) kPa is most apt to characterize the gravitational potential of a clay loam surface soil? | +5 |
| The osmotic potential would likely be highest in soils of which horizons? | salic |
| means of estimating soil water levels gives a direct measurement of the water content | gravimetric determinations |
| ________________ is not influenced appreciably by the force of gravity | matric potential of soil water |
| water content of a soil with water potential of about -10 kPa | the field capacity of a soil |
| Unsaturated water flow occurs on | soils that are at field capacity |
| in what "form" of water are pesticides, excess plant nutrients, and waste chemicals most apt to move through soils? | gravitational |
| The burning of lime drives off | carbon dioxide |
| 3 characteristics of soil colloids | very small size, electronegative charges, ability to exchange ions with the soil solution |
| The electronegative charge on 2:1 type silicate clays is due primarily to | substitution of one atom for another in the crystal structure of the clay |
| the element primarily found in the tetrahedral structure is | silicon |
| The element primarily found in the octahedral structure is | aluminum |
| has a structure consisting of a single tetrahedral layer joined to a single octahedral layer | kaolinite |
| The interlayer between sheets in chlorite is the Brucite layer which is composed of molecules of | magnesium hydroxide |
| the shrink/swell behavior of some silicate clay minerals is due primarily to | the movement of water molecules in and out of the interlayers of the crystal |
| In vermiculite, the main source of charge is isomorphous substitution of | Al for Si in the tetrahedral sheet |
| Which of the following silicate clays would likely have the highest level of potassium in the crystal structure? | fine grained micas |
| Soils rich in which type of clay would provide the most troublesome site on which to build a home? | smectite |
| clay minerals best suited to make pottery/bowls? | Kaolinite |
| The presence of gibbsite indicates | gibbsite |
| Cation exchange capacity is a measure of the | negative receptors |
| cations are positive or negative | positive |
| anions are positive or negative | negative |
| Anion exchange capacity is a measure of the | number of positively charged sites associated with soil colloids |
| ________ is 20-40 times greater than kaolinite | smectites |
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