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VTA 160 test 3
Fluid therapy and Injections 3-10-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the goals of bandaging?? | 1.to limit hemorrhage 2.immobilize the area 3.prevent further trauma & contamination 4.prevent wound desiccation 5.absorbing exudate 6.aid in mechanical debridement |
| What indicates that you should change a bandage immediately? | swelling, redness, bad odor, hot OR cold toes, a wet bandage or a bandage that has slipped or has been damages due to chewing |
| What are the 3 layers of a bandage? | 1. Primary layer 2. secondary layer 3. tertiary layer |
| what are suitable materials for the primary layer of a bandage? | sterile gauze sponges, non-stick bandage pads, rolled gauze |
| What are suitable materials for the secondary layer of a bandage? | rolled cotton, cast padding, etc... |
| What are suitable materials for the tertiary layer of a bandage? | Vet wrap, Elasticon, adhesive tape |
| What are the phases of healing? | 1. Inflammation 2. debridement 3. Repair 4. Maturation |
| What is exuberant granulation tissue? | Highly vascular tissue produced after extensive tissue damage that grows over the wound |
| What is exuberant granulation also known as?? | proud flesh |
| When would it be appropriate to use a Robert jones bandage? | To temporarily stabilize a fracture before surgery OR to control edema after a surgical procedure |
| when would it be appropriate to use a modified Robert Jones bandage? | To protect an incision site, To decrease swelling, To aid in healing |
| When would it be appropriate to use a dry to dry bandage? | When there is loose necrotic tissue OR if foreign material is present on the surface of the wound |
| When would it be appropriate to use a wet to dry bandage? | When exudate is especially viscous, foreign matter must be removed OR if there is copious exudate or transudate |
| What is exudate? | The visible product of the inflammatory process, includes cellular debris and fluid |
| What are the 4 routes by which you can administer fluid therapy? | Subcutaneous, Intravenous, Intraperitoneal, intraosseous |
| What is an isotonic fluid? | has an equal osmotic pressure to blood, maintains equillibrium |
| What is a hypertonic fluid? | fluid with a greater osmotic pressure than blood- These fluids pull fluid from the cells (intracellular space) into circulation (extracellular space) |
| What is a hypotonic fluid? | fluid with a lower osmotic pressure than blood- These fluids flow into cells (intracellular space) from circulation ( extracellular space) |
| What type of fluid is most commonly used?? | Crystalloids |
| How do you calculate maintenance requirements? | 50ml per Kg per day |
| How do you calculate deficit volume? | The estimated dehydration is multiplied by the animals weight in KG |
| What are the 3 phases of fluid replacement therapy? | 1. Emergency 2. replacement 3. maintenance |
| an animal with a history of fluid loss but no finding on physical examination is what percent dehydrated? | less than 5% |
| An animal eith tacky oral mucous membrane, but no panting or pathological tachycardia is what percent dehydrated? | 5% |
| An animal with mild to moderate decreased skin turgor, dry/tacky oral mucus membrane, slight tachycardia and normal pulse pressure is what % dehydrated? | 7% |
| an animal with moderate to marked degree of decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membrane, tachycardia and decreased pulse pressure is what percent dehydrated ? | 10% |
| an animal with marked loss of skin turgor, dry mucous membrane, and significant signs of shock is what percent dehydrated? | 12% |
| An animal is 5% dehydrated what route would you use to administer fluids? | Subcutaneous |
| An animal is 7% dehydrated what route would you use to administer fluids? | Intravenous |
| What does IC stand for? | intra-cardiac |
| What does ID stand for? | intra-dermal |
| what does IM stand for? | intramuscular |
| What does IO stand for? | intra-osseous |
| what does IP stand for? | intra-peritoneal |
| What does IT stand for? | intra-testicular OR intra-tracheal |
| What does PR stand for? | per rectal |
| what does SQ stand for? | subcutaneous |
| What does SC stand for? | subcutaneous |
| What does PO stand for? | per oral |
| What does IV stand for? | intravenous |
| What does IN? | intra-nasal |
| What angle should you hold the needle when giving an ID injection? | 10-15 degrees |
| What angle should you hold the needle when giving an SQ injection? | 45 degrees |
| What angle should you hold the needle when giving an IM injection? | 90 degrees |
| What would an ID injection be used for? | allergy testing, local anesthetic |
| What type of solutions would be inappropriate for SQ injections? | hypertonic, caustic, irritating |
| What is the process for giving a SQ shot? | after choosing and cleaning your site 1. make a tent 2.insert needle 3. aspirate 4. inject |
| Name the sites for IM injections on a cow or horse | lateral neck, gluteal, pectoral, triceps, semimembranosus semitendinosus |
| Name the sites you can give an IM injection to a small animal | lumbar epaxial, quadriceps, triceps,semimembranosus semitendinosus |
| True or false injections can affect the meat on beef cattle? | true |
| How do you calculate ongoing losses?? | volume of estimated loss multiplied by 2 |
| What drip set would be used for an animal weighing 15lbs or less?? | micro drip set |
| How many drips per ML are administered with a standard drip set?? | 15 |
| How many drips per ML are administered with a micro drip set?? | 60 |
| What are the signs of over hydration?? | swelling of conjunctiva, feet, trunk, neck or chin. Generalized swelling of the subcutaneous tissue (feeling jelly like. increased respiratory rate |
| What is pleural effusion? | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, preventing the lungs from expanding fully |
| What is pulmonary edema? | Lung tissues retain excessive amount of fluid (especially the alveoli) resulting is labored breathing (dyspnea) |
| What are the main types of injections? | intra-dermal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous |
| What does AD stand for? | right ear |
| What does AS stand for? | LEFT EAR |
| What does AU stand for? | both ears |
| What does OD stand for? | right eye |
| What does OS stand for? | left eye |
| What does OU stand for? | both eyes |
| What type of injection is absorbed most rapidly? | intravenous |
| True or false? you should use the largest size catheter that fits your patient? | true |
| What are the 3 types of feeding tubes? | nasal gastric, esophagostomy, gastrostomy |
| What are the advantages of a nasal gastric feeding tube? | inexpensive, non-invasive, quick, equiptment readily available |
| What are the disadvantages of nasal gastric feeding tubes? | not tolerated by some patients, small tubing size, may cause vomiting or gastro esophagealreflux |
| What are the advantages of esophagostomy feeding tubes? | inexpensive, large tube size, quick, well tolerated by patients, equipment readily available |
| What are the disadvantages of esophagostomy feeding tubes? | more invasive, chronic changes in esophagus, fistula formation, may cause vomiting of gastro esophageal reflux |
| What are the advantages of gastrostomy feeding tubes? | Large tube size, well tolerated by patients |
| What are disadvantages of gastrostomy feeding tubes?? | expensive, invasive, under anesthesia longer, peritonitis, may cause vomiting and gastro esophageal reflux |
| True or false? you should flush your feeding tube well before AND after each use?? | true |
| True or false- Food should be warmed to body temperature before administering to a patient?? | true |
| What are the anal glands? | paired sacs located beneath the skin on either side of the anus @ 4&8 o'clock |
| What do anal sacs do? | express secretions during defecation as a territorial scent marking OR may be expressed due to fear |
| How are the anal sacs normally emptied? | a small amount at a time during defecation |
| What are the signs that the anal sacs need to be expressed manually? | scooting, rubbing, licking of the anal area |
| What are the 2 methods of expressing anal sacs? | internal and external |
| How do you perform the internal method of expressing the anal sacs? | Wearing gloves, lubricate with a water soluble lubricant or lidocane jelly,insert 1st joint of index finger into rectum & palpate anal sac with thumb(external) and forefingergently massage w/light to moderate pressure milking medially toward anal opening |
| What is the external method for expressing anal sacs? | squeeze the anal sacs from the external anal sphincter |
| Why is the external method of anal sac expression not recommended? | The anal sac ducts are frequently occluded & there is an inability to empty anal sacs completely, this method may also cause more pain to the patient |
| What are the 2 types of nail trimmers available | whites and resco |
| How can you avoid cutting pigmented nails to short? | the cutting surface of the trimmer should be held parallel to the palmer or plantar surface of the digital footpads and the nail should be cut on this plane |
| Explain the progression of anal sac disease | the ducts of the anal sacs become impacted, then they become infected, this infection can cause an abcess which can then lead to rupture of the anal sac |
| What is an ear infection called? | otitis media? |
| What are signs of disease in the ear?? | excessive head shaking, scratching at the ears, head tilt, nystagmus, ataxia |
| What diagnostic test would you use to test for corneal ulcers? | fluorescein dye test |
| What else can you check during a fluorescein dye test? | clogged nasal lacrimal ducts |
| What diagnostic test would be used to test for glaucoma? | Tonometry- measurement of the intraocular pressure of the eye using a tonometer |
| What diagnostic test would you use to test for keratoconjunctivitis? | Schirmer tear test A.K.A STT |
| What diagnostic test would you use to test for bacterial disease? | culture and sensitivity?? |
Created by:
Adeprey4311
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