Question 1

The key deficit suffered by Mr. J. after a stroke involving his left parietal lobe was a(n)

Accepted Answer

difficulty in reading

Question 2

The ultimate function of our nervous system is to

Accepted Answer

a. control our behavior.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

b. Skeletal muscle contraction produces movements of the body.

Question 4

Our body movements are mediated by contraction of _______ muscle.

Accepted Answer

b. skeletal

Question 5

Muscle-builders show off their muscles by

Accepted Answer

d. simultaneously contracting their flexor and extensor muscles.

Question 6

The firing rate of the ________ determines the strength of contraction of a muscle.

Accepted Answer

e. alpha motor neurons

Question 7

Another name for the muscle spindles is

Accepted Answer

a. intrafusal muscle fibers.

Question 8

The function of intrafusal muscle fibers is to

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a. detect changes in the muscle fiber length.

Question 9

Flexion refers to

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d. drawing in of a limb toward the body.

Question 10

The function of the gamma motor neuron is to

Accepted Answer

e. control the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.

Question 11

A ________ consists of the extrafusal fibers innervated by a single alpha motor neuron.

Accepted Answer

b. motor unit

Question 12

The neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction is

Accepted Answer

e. acetylcholine.

Question 13

The presence of dark stripes in skeletal muscles is due to

Accepted Answer

d. overlapping segments of actin and myosin filaments.

Question 14

The ________ is formed by the synapse of an efferent nerve terminal onto a muscle fiber.

Accepted Answer

c. neuromuscular junction

Question 15

Muscle contraction occurs when the myosin cross bridges row along the length of the ______ filaments.

Accepted Answer

b. actin

Question 16

The endplate potential

Accepted Answer

c. is caused by the release of acetylcholine from the terminal buttons.

Question 17

The event(s) that induce contraction of a muscle fiber are the

Accepted Answer

release of acetylcholine onto the the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 18

Overlapping strands of actin and myosin form the

Accepted Answer

d. myofibrils

Question 19

The physical effects of a muscle twitch last longer than the action potential that triggered the contraction
because

Accepted Answer

c. the acetylcholine molecules are slowly cleared from the neuromuscular junction.

Question 20

Muscle tension is sensed by ________, whereas muscle fiber length is sensed by ________.

Accepted Answer

c. Golgi tendon organs; intrafusal fibers

Question 21

________ will increase their rate of firing in response to a large increase in the tension exerted on a muscle.

Accepted Answer

b. Golgi tendon organs

Question 22

The functional significance of the Golgi tendon organs is to

Accepted Answer

e. prevent the tearing of muscle fibers from a tendon.

Question 23

A key function of low-sensitivity afferents from the Golgi tendon organ is to

Accepted Answer

c. prevent the risk of tearing a tendon from a bone or breaking a bone.

Question 24

Relaxation of your arm would be expected to lengthen the extrafusal fibers. This would in turn lead to a(n) ________ firing rate of the ________.

Accepted Answer

b. increased; muscle spindles

Question 25

The patellar reflex

Accepted Answer

d. does not involve the brain.

Question 26

An important function of the monosynaptic stretch reflex is to

Accepted Answer

e. help maintain posture.

Question 27

An indirect way through which the brain modulates muscle tension is to

Accepted Answer

a. alter the firing rate in the gamma motor system.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?

Accepted Answer

a. the patellar reflex

Question 29

The sensitivity of the muscle spindle fiber is controlled by input from

Accepted Answer

b. gamma motor neurons.

Question 30

An example of a polysynaptic reflex is/are

Accepted Answer

c. the ejaculation of semen.

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?

Accepted Answer

b. the withdrawal of a limb in response to pain

Question 32

A transection through the ________ of a cat is likely to produce ________.

Accepted Answer

c. brain stem; decerebrate rigidity

Question 33

A(n) ________ is a spatial representation of the specific cortical areas that control specific body movements

Accepted Answer

a. motor homunculus

Question 34

The vertical patch of cortex located rostral to the central sulcus is known as the

Accepted Answer

d. primary motor cortex.

Question 35

Which neuroscientist stimulated human cortex to map the motor cortex?

Accepted Answer

c. Penfield

Question 36

The neurons of the primary motor cortex receive important inputs from the

Accepted Answer

d. basal ganglia

Question 37

The results of cortical stimulation studies indicate that a disproportionate amount of motor cortex is devoted to the control of movements of the

Accepted Answer

fingers

Question 38

Which of the following is true of the motor homunculus?

Accepted Answer

b. The homunculus represents the specific body muscle groups that are controlled by specific regions of the cortex.

Question 39

Different portions of the motor homunculus interconnect with similar regions on the opposite hemisphere through the fibers of the

Accepted Answer

d. corpus callosum

Question 40

The ________ functions in the control of movements of the upper legs and the trunk.

Accepted Answer

b. ventral corticospinal tract

Question 41

Which of the following terms go together?

Accepted Answer

c. decussation; contralateral

Question 42

The ________ controls the muscles of the limbs and fingers.

Accepted Answer

a. lateral corticospinal tract

Question 43

The ________ controls movements of the tongue, face, and some eye muscles.

Accepted Answer

e. corticobulbar tract

Question 44

The ________ controls movements of the upper legs and trunk.

Accepted Answer

b. ventral corticospinal tract

Question 45

A key function of the rubrospinal tract is to

Accepted Answer

d. control movements of the forearms and hands.

Question 46

In the two groups of descending tracts in the motor system, neurons of the ________ control the movements of the body trunk, whereas neurons of the ________ control movements of the hands and fingers.

Accepted Answer

a. ventromedial group; lateral group

Question 47

Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.

Accepted Answer

a. lateral corticospinal

Question 48

Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair walking as well as automatic functions such as breathing and sneezing.

Accepted Answer

d. reticulospinal

Question 49

Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair posture.

Accepted Answer

b. vestibulospinal

Question 50

The planning of motor movements by the frontal association cortex is executed through connections with

Accepted Answer

a. the supplemental motor cortex.

Question 51

Imaging studies indicate strong activation of the pre-SMA region during

Accepted Answer

a. random hand movements.

Question 52

Stimulation of the pre-SMA cortex induces

Accepted Answer

a. automatic movements

Question 53

A key function of premotor cortex is to

Accepted Answer

a. allow an organism to learn to respond to an arbitary visual clue with a learned, specific movement.

Question 54

Patterns of firing of neurons in the ________ precede by 10 seconds the decision to make a motor response.

Accepted Answer

a. frontopolar cortex

Question 55

Our ability to mimic the motor actions of others depends on ________ neurons within area ________.

Accepted Answer

d. mirror; F5

Question 56

A key function of ventral premotor cortex is to

Accepted Answer

b. allow primates to use visual cues to imitate the motor actions of others.

Question 57

Reaching involves activation of the ________ cortex, which in turn interacts with the ________ cortex.

Accepted Answer

e. parietal; frontal

Question 58

The anterior intraparietal sulcus is important for our ability to

Accepted Answer

b. grasp an object.

Question 59

________ refers to an impairment of the ability to execute a learned movement.

Accepted Answer

e. Apraxia

Question 60

Apraxia is characterized by

Accepted Answer

d. the inability to properly carry out a learned, skilled movement.

Question 61

A key aspect of ________ apraxia is that a patient asked to imitate a movement is unable to do so using either hand.

Accepted Answer

b. limb

Question 62

The ________ is involved in the organization of how you will move your body in space in response to a verbal command.

Accepted Answer

a. left hemisphere

Question 63

A person with constructional apraxia would be expected to have difficulty in

Accepted Answer

c. building a puzzle from blocks.

Question 64

The key deficit in constructional apraxia involves

Accepted Answer

d. imagining geometric relations.

Question	Answer
The key deficit suffered by Mr. J. after a stroke involving his left parietal lobe was a(n)	difficulty in reading
The ultimate function of our nervous system is to	a. control our behavior.
Which of the following is true of skeletal muscle?	b. Skeletal muscle contraction produces movements of the body.
Our body movements are mediated by contraction of _______ muscle.	b. skeletal
Muscle-builders show off their muscles by	d. simultaneously contracting their flexor and extensor muscles.
The firing rate of the ________ determines the strength of contraction of a muscle.	e. alpha motor neurons
Another name for the muscle spindles is	a. intrafusal muscle fibers.
The function of intrafusal muscle fibers is to	a. detect changes in the muscle fiber length.
Flexion refers to	d. drawing in of a limb toward the body.
The function of the gamma motor neuron is to	e. control the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
A ________ consists of the extrafusal fibers innervated by a single alpha motor neuron.	b. motor unit
The neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction is	e. acetylcholine.
The presence of dark stripes in skeletal muscles is due to	d. overlapping segments of actin and myosin filaments.
The ________ is formed by the synapse of an efferent nerve terminal onto a muscle fiber.	c. neuromuscular junction
Muscle contraction occurs when the myosin cross bridges row along the length of the ______ filaments.	b. actin
The endplate potential	c. is caused by the release of acetylcholine from the terminal buttons.
The event(s) that induce contraction of a muscle fiber are the	release of acetylcholine onto the the postsynaptic membrane.
Overlapping strands of actin and myosin form the	d. myofibrils
The physical effects of a muscle twitch last longer than the action potential that triggered the contraction because	c. the acetylcholine molecules are slowly cleared from the neuromuscular junction.
Muscle tension is sensed by ________, whereas muscle fiber length is sensed by ________.	c. Golgi tendon organs; intrafusal fibers
________ will increase their rate of firing in response to a large increase in the tension exerted on a muscle.	b. Golgi tendon organs
The functional significance of the Golgi tendon organs is to	e. prevent the tearing of muscle fibers from a tendon.
A key function of low-sensitivity afferents from the Golgi tendon organ is to	c. prevent the risk of tearing a tendon from a bone or breaking a bone.
Relaxation of your arm would be expected to lengthen the extrafusal fibers. This would in turn lead to a(n) ________ firing rate of the ________.	b. increased; muscle spindles
The patellar reflex	d. does not involve the brain.
An important function of the monosynaptic stretch reflex is to	e. help maintain posture.
An indirect way through which the brain modulates muscle tension is to	a. alter the firing rate in the gamma motor system.
Which of the following is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?	a. the patellar reflex
The sensitivity of the muscle spindle fiber is controlled by input from	b. gamma motor neurons.
An example of a polysynaptic reflex is/are	c. the ejaculation of semen.
Which of the following is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?	b. the withdrawal of a limb in response to pain
A transection through the ________ of a cat is likely to produce ________.	c. brain stem; decerebrate rigidity
A(n) ________ is a spatial representation of the specific cortical areas that control specific body movements	a. motor homunculus
The vertical patch of cortex located rostral to the central sulcus is known as the	d. primary motor cortex.
Which neuroscientist stimulated human cortex to map the motor cortex?	c. Penfield
The neurons of the primary motor cortex receive important inputs from the	d. basal ganglia
The results of cortical stimulation studies indicate that a disproportionate amount of motor cortex is devoted to the control of movements of the	fingers
Which of the following is true of the motor homunculus?	b. The homunculus represents the specific body muscle groups that are controlled by specific regions of the cortex.
Different portions of the motor homunculus interconnect with similar regions on the opposite hemisphere through the fibers of the	d. corpus callosum
The ________ functions in the control of movements of the upper legs and the trunk.	b. ventral corticospinal tract
Which of the following terms go together?	c. decussation; contralateral
The ________ controls the muscles of the limbs and fingers.	a. lateral corticospinal tract
The ________ controls movements of the tongue, face, and some eye muscles.	e. corticobulbar tract
The ________ controls movements of the upper legs and trunk.	b. ventral corticospinal tract
A key function of the rubrospinal tract is to	d. control movements of the forearms and hands.
In the two groups of descending tracts in the motor system, neurons of the ________ control the movements of the body trunk, whereas neurons of the ________ control movements of the hands and fingers.	a. ventromedial group; lateral group
Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.	a. lateral corticospinal
Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair walking as well as automatic functions such as breathing and sneezing.	d. reticulospinal
Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair posture.	b. vestibulospinal
The planning of motor movements by the frontal association cortex is executed through connections with	a. the supplemental motor cortex.
Imaging studies indicate strong activation of the pre-SMA region during	a. random hand movements.
Stimulation of the pre-SMA cortex induces	a. automatic movements
A key function of premotor cortex is to	a. allow an organism to learn to respond to an arbitary visual clue with a learned, specific movement.
Patterns of firing of neurons in the ________ precede by 10 seconds the decision to make a motor response.	a. frontopolar cortex
Our ability to mimic the motor actions of others depends on ________ neurons within area ________.	d. mirror; F5
A key function of ventral premotor cortex is to	b. allow primates to use visual cues to imitate the motor actions of others.
Reaching involves activation of the ________ cortex, which in turn interacts with the ________ cortex.	e. parietal; frontal
The anterior intraparietal sulcus is important for our ability to	b. grasp an object.
________ refers to an impairment of the ability to execute a learned movement.	e. Apraxia
Apraxia is characterized by	d. the inability to properly carry out a learned, skilled movement.
A key aspect of ________ apraxia is that a patient asked to imitate a movement is unable to do so using either hand.	b. limb
The ________ is involved in the organization of how you will move your body in space in response to a verbal command.	a. left hemisphere
A person with constructional apraxia would be expected to have difficulty in	c. building a puzzle from blocks.
The key deficit in constructional apraxia involves	d. imagining geometric relations.
The key nuclei of the basal ganglia include the	a. caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.
The basal ganglia receive some level of input from	e. all regions of the cortex.
The key outputs of the basal ganglia are to the	a. primary motor cortex
Parkinson’s disease results from loss of ________-secreting neurons of the ________.	b. dopamine; nigrostriatal bundle
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by	c. slowness of movement
The slowness of movement noted in Parkinson’s disease reflects	b. damage to dopamine neurons that normally facilitate motor movements via the caudate and putamen.
The muscle rigidity and poor control of posture noted in Parkinson’s disease reflects	e. loss of inhibition of the ventromedial motor system from the GPi.
A person suffering from Parkinson’s disease may experience ________ as a side effect of treatment using L-DOPA.	a. dyskinesia
The standard treatment for Parkinson’s disease is	b. administration of L-DOPA.
A primary symptom of Huntington’s disease is	e. uncontrollable movements.
Degeneration of neurons within the ________ results in loss of ________ function and Huntington’s disease.	a. caudate and putamen; GABAergic
Which of the following is true of Huntington’s disease (HD)?	b. HD is caused by a defective gene on chromosome 4.
A person with damage to the cerebellum would be expected to show	c. jerky, uncoordinated movements
Damage to the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum would be expected to impair	b. postural reflexes.
Damage to the lateral zone of the cerebellum results in	d. impaired timing of ballistic movements.
A key motor function of the reticular formation is to	d. control muscle tone through the gamma motor system.
Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic region located ventral to the inferior colliculus in the cat will	e. induce a cat to make pacing movements.
Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region of the cat will produce	a. pacing movements.
In the concluding anecdote in the movement chapter, Mr. P. exhibited a problem in ________ due to _______.	c. stopping an arm movement; cerebellar damage
Narcolepsy is predominantly a problem involving	b. an attack of sleep during the day
In the opening vignette of the chapter on sleep, Michael suffered from	a. narcolepsy.
The ________ is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep	d. electromyogram
Which of the following is true of sleep?	c. Humans spend about a third of their life asleep.
The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by	c. changes in the electrical activity of the brain.
An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure	e. eye movements.
The observation that a person’s brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because	b. this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep.
The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record.	d. theta
The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of	e. 3.5-7.5 Hz.
You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is	a. in stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.
A key aspect of slow-wave sleep is the presence of ________ Hz oscillations comprised of a down state followed by an up state.	a. 1.0
________ will occur soon after the appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record.	a. Paradoxical sleep
During the ________ state of the slow-wave sleep record, the neurons of the cortex are ________.	b. down; silent
Another name for sleep stages 3 and 4 is ________ slee	c. slow-wave
Sleep stages 1-4 are termed ________, whereas stages 3-4 are referred to as ________.	b. non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep
Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM sleep?	c. rapid eye movements
Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 4 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage?	d. Only very loud stimuli will awaken a person from stage 4 sleep.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of non-REM sleep?	d. various forms of slow-wave brain activity
The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-voltage waves.	a. beta
A single cycle of non-REM and REM sleep lasts about	c. 90 minutes.
Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles?	c. As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.
Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep?	d. Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex.
The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________.	c. REM sleep; impotence
Which of the following terms belong together?	e. slow-wave sleep; moderate muscle tonus
Which of the following represents a mental state that accompanies slow-wave sleep?	a. nightmares
Nightmares that are particularly terrifying occur during ________ sleep.	c. stage 4 of slow-wave
During REM sleep, there is a high level of activity within the	a. visual association cortex
About ________ percent of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem while ________ percent experiences this on occasion.	e. 9; 25
Insomnia is defined	d. in relation to a person’s particular sleep needs.
A person who does not feel rested after sleeping 15 hours a night	b. probably does not need more sleep.
It may be inappropriate to use a sleeping medication to treat insomnia because	c. the use of a sleeping medication may cause daytime grogginess.
Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to	b. obesity and diabetes.
A common treatment for sleep apnea is	a. surgical modification of the throat airway
A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as	b. sleep apnea.
The key feature of narcolepsy is	b. sleep attacks
A person who exhibits sudden paralysis but remains conscious may be suffering from	e. an episode of cataplexy.
A common cause that elicits an episode of cataplexy is	e. strong emotions or physical exertion.
________ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis.	b. Hypnagogic hallucination
In the narcolepsy example given in the text, the dog developed cataplexy while	b. sniffing food
Human narcolepsy	b. involves an absence of orexin from CSF in most narcoleptics.
A key symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder is	d. a lack of paralysis during REM sleep
The disorder known as ________ shares common attributes (symptoms as well as treatments) with those of narcolepsy.	e. depression
The symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder are opposite to those noted in	a. cataplexy.
An effective treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder is the administration of	b. the benzodiazepine drug clonazepam.
Somnambulism is synonymous with	c. sleepwalking
A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as pavor nocturnus would be said to be	e. experiencing night terrors.
The sleep pattern of the dolphin is unique in that	b. sleep and waking occur independently in the two hemispheres.
Sleep deprivation in humans results in	c. perceptual distortions.
The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to	c. rest the brain
Working on a task that demands high levels of mental activity during the day will	b. increase glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes.
Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ________ in healthy subjects.	c. no change in sleep patterns
A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to	c. increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.
Deprivation of REM sleep on one night results in an elevated amount of REM sleep on the following night. This rebound phenomenon suggests that	d. there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep.
The notion that REM sleep functions to promote brain development is supported by the finding that	e. infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains.
Recent research suggests that ________ sleep is important for ________ memory.	e. REM; nondeclarative
An example of nondeclarative memory would be	b. learning to drive a car.
The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________.	c. adenosine; slow-wave sleep
Adenosine receptors are blocked by ________, which in turn promotes ________.	b. caffeine; wakefulness
The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of	a. norepinephrine
A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the	e. locus coeruleus.
The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus	b. decrease during sleep and increase at awakening.
Most of the serotonin neurons in the brain are located within the	c. raphe nuclei
Which of the following treatments in rats would be expected to increase locomotion and to enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record?	d. electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei
The sleep disorder known as ________ can be produced by degeneration of hypocretin neurons in the brain.	a. narcolepsy
A characteristic of REM sleep includes	b. muscle paralysis.
The “on” portion of the flip-flop mechanism for REM sleep is located within the	a. dorsal pons
Circadian rhythms are	a. endogenous cycles of activity over the course of a day
The menstrual cycle in women is an example of	b. an infradian rhythm
A ________ is a stimulus that resets an internal biological clock.	a. zeitgeber
Damage to the rat ________ would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms related to	d. SCN
Which of the following is true of melanopsin?	d. Melanopsin is found within ganglion cells
Neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei tissue from rats is	higher during the day and lower at night
The “ticking” of a clock cell within the SCN appears to involve	a. feedback loops of intracellular protein production.
Seasonal rhythms are under the control of ________ secreted by cells within the ________.	a. melatonin; pineal gland
The mood change and cognitive dysfunctions associated with jet lag and shift work can be reduced by	d. consumption of melatonin
Fetal alcohol exposure in rats can have the followng effects in offspring.	Decreased circadian rhythms of temperature in adulthood.

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phys quiz 3