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the conflict perspective
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Sociology Chapter 8
Sociology - Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A functionalist | would probably focus on what social purposes technology and media serve and in the manifest functions of media and technology, as well as their role in social dysfunction. |
| the conflict perspective | would probably focus on the systematic inequality created by differential access to media and technology. |
| technology | describes the application of science to address the problems of daily life |
| technological stratification | 1. differential class-based access to technology in the form of the digital divide.2. Knowledge gap |
| Technological stratification - differential class- | based access to technology in the form of the digital divide. |
| Technological stratification - knowledge gap, is | an ongoing and increasing gap in information for those who have less access to technology. |
| e-readiness, | the ability to sort through, interpret, and process knowledge (Sciadas 2003). |
| digital divide, | the uneven access to technology along race, class, and geographic lines. |
| the digital divide might | not mean access to computers or the internet, but rather access to the kind of online technology that allows for empowerment, not just entertainment (Washington 2011). |
| Mossberger, Tolbert, and Gilbert (2006) demonstrated that the majority of the digital divide | for black Americans could be explained by demographic and community-level characteristics, such as socioeconomic status and geographic location. |
| Mossberger, Tolbert, and Gilbert (2006) demonstrated that the majority of the digital divide | For the Latino population, ethnicity alone, regardless of economics or geography, seemed to limit technology use. |
| planned obsolescence is | the business practice of planning for a product to be obsolete or unusable from the time it is created. |
| digital divide: | the uneven access to technology around race, class, and geographic lines. |
| e-readiness: | the ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge. |
| knowledge gap: | the gap in information that builds as groups grow up without access to technology. |
| planned obsolescence: | when a technology company plans for a product to be obsolete or unable from the time it’s created. |
| technology: | the application of science to solve problems in daily life. |
| U.S. Patent Office, | receives patent applications for nearly all major innovations worldwide, addresses patents. |
| Utility patents are the first type. | These are granted for the invention or discovery of any new and useful process, product, or machine, or for a significant improvement to existing technologies. |
| design patent. | Commonly conferred in architecture and industrial design, this means someone has invented a new and original design for a manufactured product |
| Plant patents, | the final type, recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced. |
| Anderson and Tushman (1990) suggest an evolutionary model of technological change | a breakthrough in one form of technology leads to a number of variations. Once those are assessed, a prototype emerges, and then a period of slight adjustments to the technology, interrupted by a breakthrough. |
| Early forms of print media | were hand-copied onto boards and carried around to keep the citizenry informed. |
| With the invention of the printing press, | the way that people shared ideas changed, as information could be mass produced and stored. |
| The invention of the telegraph, | in the mid-1800s, changed print media almost as much as the printing press. Suddenly information could be transmitted in minutes. |
| William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer | As the 19th century became the 20th, American publishers such as Hearst redefined the world of print media and wielded an enormous amount of power to socially construct national and world events. |
| Vladimir Lenin’s Irksa (The Spark) newspaper | was published in 1900 and played a role in Russia’s growing communist movement (World Association of Newspapers 2004). |
| According to the Pew Research Center, 2009 saw an unprecedented drop in newspaper circulation | – down 10.6 percent from the year before (Pew 2010).As newspapers decline, news sources become more fractured, so that the audience can choose specifically what it wants to hear and what it wants to avoid. |
| Radio programming obviously preceded television | In both cases, information (and entertainment) could be enjoyed at home, with a kind of immediacy and community that newspapers could not offer. |
| Right up through the 1970s, American television was dominated by | three major networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC) that competed for ratings and advertising dollars. They also exerted a lot of control over what was being watched. |
| By the late 1990s, 98 percent of U.S. homes had | at least one television set, and the average American watched between two and a half to five hours of television daily. A powerful socializing effect, providing reference groups while reinforcing social norms, values, and beliefs. |
| The film industry took off in the 1930s, | when color and sound were first integrated into feature films. Movies also act as time capsules or cultural touchstones for society. |
| New media | encompasses all interactive forms of information exchange. These include social networking sites, blogs, podcasts, wikis, and virtual worlds. |
| New media tends to (Lievrouw and Livingston 2006) | creating, publishing, distributing, and accessing information (Lievrouw and Livingston 2006), |
| New media tends to (van de Donk et al. 2004). | as well as offering alternative forums to groups unable to gain access to traditional political platforms, such as groups associated with the Arab Spring protests (van de Donk et al. 2004). |
| the immediacy of new media coupled with | the lack of oversight means that we must be more careful than ever to ensure our news is coming from accurate sources. |
| In 1994, the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ERSB) | set a ratings system for games that addressed issues of violence, sexuality, drug use, and the like. |
| in 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled | against the California law, stating it violated freedom of speech (ProCon 2012). |
| Psychologists Anderson and Bushman (2001) reviewed 40-plus years of research on the subject and, in 2003, determined that there are causal linkages between violent video game use and aggression. | children who had just played a violent video game demonstrated an immediate increase in hostile or aggressive thoughts, an increase in aggressive emotions, and physiological arousal that increased the chances of acting out aggressive behavior |
| repeated exposure to this kind of violence leads to (Anderson 2003). | increased expectations regarding violence as a solution, increased violent behavioral scripts, and making violent behavior more cognitively accessible (Anderson 2003). |
| people who play a lot of these games find it easier to | imagine and access violent solutions than nonviolent ones, and are less socialized to see violence as a negative. |
| According to an article in the New York Times, fall semester 2011 saw an estimated 10,000 American college students working on campus as brand ambassadors for products from Red Bull energy drinks to Hewlett-Packard computers (Singer 2011) | As the companies figure it, college students will trust one source of information above all: other students. |
| Research by McManus (1995) suggests that different news outlets all tell the same stories, using | the same sources, resulting in the same message, presented with only slight variations. Whether you are reading the New York Times or the CNN’s web site, the coverage of national events like a major court case or political issue will likely be the same. |
| Republicans | know to seek out Fox News |
| Democrats | know to seek MSNBC News. |
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irmashaw