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AP Government 8
AP Government - Chapter 8 Vocabulary
| Chapter 8 Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| Incumbent | The person currently in office. |
| Coattails | The tendency of lesser-known or weaker candidates to profit in an election by the presence on the ticket of a more popular candidate. |
| Political Action Committee (PAC) | A committee set up and representing a corporation, labor union, or special-interest group that raises and spends campaign contributions on behalf of one or more candidates or causes. |
| Malapportionment | Drawing the boundaries of political districts so that districts are very unequal in population. |
| Gerrymandering | Drawing the boundaries of political districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to make it easy for candidates of the party in power to win elections in those districts. |
| Sophomore surge | An increase in the votes that congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection. |
| Position Issue | An issue dividing the electorate on which rival parties adopt different policy positions to attract voters. |
| Valence Issue | An issue on which voters distinguish rival parties by the degree to which the associate each party or candidate with conditions, goals, or symbols the electorate universally approves or disapproves of. |
| General Election | An election used to fill an elective office. |
| Primary election | An election prior to the general election in which voters select the candidates who will run on each party's ticket. |
| Closed Primary | A primary election that permits voters to choose on election day the primary in which they wish to vote. They may vote for candidates of only one party. |
| Open Primary | A primary election that permits voters to choose on election day the primary in which they wish to vote. They may vote for candidates of only one party. |
| Blanket Primary | A primary election that permits all voters, regardless of party, to choose candidates. |
| Runoff Primary | A second primary election held in some states when no candidate receives a majority of the votes in the first primary. The runoff is between the two candidates with the most votes. Runoff primaries are common in the south. |
| Presidential Primary | A primary held to select delegates to the presidential nominating conventions of the major parties and is held before presidential elections |
| Independent expenditure | Spending by political action commttees of political matters that is done directly and not by givnig money to a candidate or party. |
| Soft money | Funds solicited from individuals, corporations, and unions that are spent on party activites rather than on behalf of a specific candidate. These funds need not be reported to the Federal Election Commisions. |
| Prospective Voting | Voting for a candidate because one favors his or her ideas for addressing issues after the elections. |
| Retrospective Voting | Voting for or against the candidate or pary in office because one likes or dislikes how things have gone in the recent past. |
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