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classical era
chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Musical Characteristics (p. 243) “The Age of Reason” | •The philosophy that stressed emotional restraint, balance, clarity, symmetry, clear formal structure, and simplicity |
| Musical Characteristics (p. 243) “The Age of Reason” | •Provided great contrast to Baroque music |
| Texture | • Homophonic texture is favored over polyphonic texture, with great emphasis on lyrical melodies |
| Tonality | • Music continued to be “tonal,” as it was in the Baroque period, and focused on major and minor keys |
| Tonality | • Common chord progressions were used to provide harmony |
| Tonality | • Modulations to new keys were common, stressing dissonance that led to resolution |
| Ornamentation | • Less emphasis is placed on individuals ornamenting/improvising in compositions |
| Instruments (p. 243)Orchestral Instruments | •Strings (violin, viola, cello, double bass |
| Instruments (p. 243)Orchestral Instruments | •Woodwinds (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon |
| Instruments (p. 243)Orchestral Instruments | • Brass (trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba |
| Instruments (p. 243)Orchestral Instruments | • Percussion |
| Instruments (p. 243)Orchestral Instruments | • Keyboard (harpsichord, organ, pianoforte, which later develops into the modern piano) |
| Instruments (p. 243)Orchestral Instruments | *The instrument families are the fundamental categories established by the Classical era |
| Pianoforte | •The pianoforte took the place of the harpsichord (basso continuo) and also became a solo instrument as well as an equal member in chamber ensembles |
| Instrumental Genres (p. 244) Sonata | •A multi-movement work for one or two instruments and accompaniment, or for solo keyboard (usually 3 or 4 movements) |
| Instrumental Genres Symphony | •A multi-movement work for strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion (usually 4 movements) |
| Instrumental Genres-Concerto | •A multi-movement work for solo instrument and orchestra (usually 3 movements) |
| Instrumental Genres-Concerto | •A cadenza is when the orchestra stops, usually near the end of a movement, and the soloist plays alone |
| Instrumental Genres (p. 244Chamber Music | • The String Quartet is considered to be the most important form of chamber music from the Classical Era, and is typically in four movements |
| Instrumental Genres Chamber Music | • The instrumentation is two violins, one viola, and one cello |
| Vocal Genres-Voices | • Men (tenor, baritone, bass |
| Vocal Genres -Voices | • Women (soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto |
| Vocal Genres-Voices | • SATB choir Soprano, Alto.Tenor,Bass |
| Vocal Genres--Vocal | • The focus of vocal music was on opera, rather than solo pieces, such as the shorter secular songs found in the Renaissance |
| Vocal Genres --Choral | • Large choral works, such as the oratorios of the Baroque era, masses, and other sacred works, continued to be produced |
| Vocal Genres --Choral | • The Requiem (Mass for the Dead) gained popularity in the Classical Era through Mozart’s own Requiem |
| Vocal Genres Opera | • The Classical opera developed the relationship between the singers and orchestra, and became a continuous drama arranged in scenes |
| Vocal Genres Opera | • Opera was extremely popular, and Mozart was the composer who enjoyed the most success in this genre |
| Vocal Genres Recitative/Aria | • The idea of recitative and aria, which was introduced during the Baroque Era, was still present in Classical opera |
| Form (p. 246)Sonata Form | • Typically the form of the first, and sometimes last, movement of the Classical sonata, symphony, and string quartet |
| Form (p. 246)Sonata Form | Exposition-Development-Recapitulation Coda Example: Mozart’s Symphony. No. 39 (Listening No. 61) |
| Theme and Variations | • An instrumental form in which a stated theme is followed by a series of variations on that theme |
| Theme and Variations | • Variations are achieved by changes in tempo, dynamics, and tonality |
| Theme and Variations | Example: Haydn’s String Quartet in C Major, Op. 76 (Listening No. 62) |
| Rondo | • A musical form consisting of two or more contrasting theme areas, each followed by a return to the opening theme |
| Rondo | • The rondo is often used as the spirited final movement of Classical sonatas, symphonies, and string quartets |
| Rondo | Example: Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13 (Listening No. 63 |
Created by:
droe
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