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Phys quiz 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The adulthood psychological adjustment achieved by Bruce-Brenda-David, the male twin whose penis was ablated during a botched circumcision procedure at age 7 months, suggests that | b. sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child. |
| The genetic sex of a fetus is determined by | the father’s sperm. |
| The key factor that determines whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is the | gene Sry located on the Y chromosome |
| The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by | no factor |
| An example of an activational effect induced by the hormone estradiol would be | growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle |
| The key distinction between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that | organizational effects are permanent. |
| Which of the following terms belong together? | Müllerian system; Fallopian tubes |
| The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female | requires no hormone |
| A hormone that prevents the prenatal development of the Müllerian system is said to have a(n) | defeminizing effect |
| A person who suffers from androgen-insensitivity syndrome would be expected to | lack female internal reproductive structures |
| A person suffering from untreated androgen-insensitivity syndrome would exhibit | an inability to have children |
| The enzyme ________ converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone | 5-alpha reductase |
| The prenatal development of the external male genitalia requires the presence of | dihydrotestosterone |
| An example of a secondary sex characteristic is | a deep voice |
| Which of the following pairs represent an example of a primary sex characteristic and an example of a secondary sex characteristic? | penis; beard growth |
| The key event that starts sexual maturation at the onset of puberty is that | LH and FSH are released from the hypothalamus. |
| The hormone ________ controls the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone | Kisspeptin |
| Match the following:GnRH, LH, FSH, ACTH, CRF, TSH, GRF | GnRH- LH and FSH release. LH- estrogen and testosterone. FSH- sperm and egg development. ACTH- adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. CRF- pituitary release of ACTH. TSH- thyroxine release. GRF- growth hormone |
| Match the following- thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovary | a. thyroid _E__ estrogen b. pancreas _A__ thyroxine c. adrenal _D__ testosterone d. testis __C_ cortisol e. ovary __B_ insulin |
| The primary difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones is | steroids bind to intracellular receptors, peptide hormones to membrane receptors |
| The growth of pubic and axillary hair is promoted by | androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex |
| Which of the following is true of the rat estrous cycle? | The rat estrous cycle lasts 4 days |
| A key effect of luteinizing hormone is to | induce ovulation |
| Ovulation involves a surge in ________which in turn ________. | luteinizing hormone; ruptures the ovarian follicle and releases an ovum |
| Menstruation is triggered by | reduced secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum. |
| After ejaculation, a male rat will refrain from further copulation for a period of time. This is known as | refractory period |
| A novel female will elicit another bout of sexual behavior in a sexually satiated male rat. This is referred to as the ________ effect. | coolidge |
| Which of the following is true of the hormone oxytocin? | Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female |
| Sexual behavior in a female rat is ________ after removal of the ________. | absent; ovaries |
| ________ is sexual behavior displayed by male rodents. | intromission |
| A proposed function of lordosis is to | facilitate intromission by the male rat |
| Which sequence of hormone treatment is most likely to restore sexual receptivity in an ovariectomized female rat? | a small dose of estradiol followed by a progesterone dose |
| Sexual behavior in a female rodent would by reduced or prevented by | an ovariectomy |
| Lordosis is considered to be an example of ________ in the female rat. | receptivity |
| The difference between receptivity and proceptivity is that | proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate. |
| A male rat is castrated immediately after birth and then given injections of estradiol and progesterone in adulthood. This male rat would be expected to | show lordosis to another male |
| A female rat is ovariectomized and then injected with testosterone immediately after birth. In adulthood, this rat is injected with estrogen and progesterone and placed in a cage with a male rat. This female rat will | d. not show female sexual behaviors. or e. show behavioral masculinization. |
| A female rat is ovariectomized and then injected with testosterone immediately after birth. In adulthood, this rat is injected with testosterone and placed in a cage with a receptive female rat. This female rat will | attempt to mount the female. |
| A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as | behavioral defeminization. |
| An adult rodent that was NOT exposed to prenatal androgens is injected estrogen and progesterone as an adult. You would expect that rodent to display | female sexual behaviors |
| A pheromone is a | chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species. |
| you have developed a new pheromone that induces male subjects to approach females. Which of the following actions would you take as you introduce your pheromone-laced perfume to the market? | You would not hand out free samples during the cold and flu season. |
| The ________ effect refers to the situation in which a group of female mice that are housed together show a slowing down and then a termination of their estrous cycles. | Lee-Boot |
| The Whitten effect and the Vandenbergh effect are induced in a female rodent by exposure to ________ from a(n) ________. | urine; intact male rodent |
| The vomeronasal organ | is the receptive organ for pheromones |
| Which of the following is true of pheromone action in humans? | Men rate T-shorts worn by women during their fertile phase as more pleasant than T-shirts worn during their non-fertile phase. |
| A key difference between rodent and human females is that | a female rat can only mate during estrus |
| A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner | at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest. |
| Which of the following is the current conclusion regarding the role of androgens in female sexual activity? | Androgens amplify the effects of estradiol. |
| Both men and women appear to show increased secretion of ________ in anticipation of renewed sexual contact. | testosterone |
| A key indicator of the likelihood that a person will engage in adult homosexual behavior is | a self-report of homosexual feelings. |
| An individual with androgen-insensitivity syndrome will | have female external genitalia. |
| The size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is an indicator of | sexual identity |
| Twin studies indicate that | there is a genetic basis for homosexuality in males as well as in females. |
| What principle is demonstrated by the findings that mechanical stimulation of the genitals elicits sex-related behaviors in animals whose spinal cord has been cut? | The brain is not required for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation. |
| Sexual behavior in a castrated male rat can be restored by infusion of ________ into the ________. | testosterone; medial preoptic area |
| Female sexual behavior is suppressed by | damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus. |
| Rats primed with estradiol followed by progesterone injections show a. | increased activity in single neurons in the VMH during lordosis. |
| If findings from the prairie vole can be applied to human pair bonding, you would expect that a monogamous couple may show ________ than do promiscuous couples. | greater brain levels of vasopressin (males) and oxytocin (females) |
| Nest building is facilitated by administration of | progesterone. |
| In addition to partial paralysis after a stroke, Mr. V. showed a loss of | understanding of the long-term implications of his stroke. |
| The major components of an emotional response include | behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions. |
| The autonomic component of an emotional response functions to | mobilize energy for vigorous movement. |
| Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion? | formation of glycogen within the muscles |
| Most of the research on emotions has focused on | anger and fear |
| The emotional components that comprise fear are integrated by neurons within the | amygdala |
| Neurons within the amygdala are activated by | detection of emotionally relevant stimuli. |
| The amygdala is | located within the temporal lobes. |
| Behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal emotional responses are elicited by activation of the | central nucleus of the amygdala. |
| Based on the evidence cited in your text, which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions? | the central nucleus of the amygdala |
| Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit | behavioral signs of fear. |
| Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in | reduced blood levels of stress hormones |
| Exposure to ________ will automatically produce a fear reaction in most species. | loud unexpected noises |
| An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure. | lateral hypothalamus |
| In experiments by LeDoux and others on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the unconditional emotional response is elicited by | foot shock |
| In experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the conditioned stimulus is | tone |
| Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief intense electrical shock will show ________ when subsequently exposed to the tone (without shock). | behavioral arrest (freezing) |
| A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include | a. freezing of motor movements. |
| The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the | ventromedial prefrontal cortex. |
| Humans report fear upon electrical stimulation of the | amygdala. |
| Alzheimer’s disease patients who show degeneration of the ________ are more likely to forget emotionally traumatic events such as the Kobe earthquake in 1995. | amygdala |
| A formal definition of aggressive behaviors | includes those behaviors involved in predation. |
| Which of the following is true of threat behaviors? | a. Threat behaviors resolve conflicts without hurting the involved organisms. |
| ________ involves an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them. | predation |
| Which of the following distinguishes predation from most types of aggression? | The aim of a predatory attack is to kill and consume a food source. |
| The drug ________ would be expected to inhibit aggression | fluoxetine (Prozac) |
| Elevated brain levels of the transmitter ________ function to inhibit aggression. | Serotonin |
| Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray matter in the cat can produce | predatory behavior. |
| Electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces | defensive rage behavior. |
| Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following would you predict using this information? | Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now |
| The text author suggests that serotonin exerts a controlling effect on | a. risky behaviors. |
| A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid. | reduced; 5-HIAA |
| In the chapter vignette on violence and aggression, Steve | received a life sentence in prison. |
| The ________ cortical region plays a key role in the analysis of social situations. | ventromedial prefrontal |
| Twin studies suggest a major role for ________ in antisocial behavior. | genetics |
| Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his | ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
| Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation of | moral judgments |
| Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the | ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
| A general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to | dampen or inhibit emotional reactions |
| ________ is an example of a personal moral dilemma. | throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group |
| The combination of inadequate activation of the ________ and enhanced activation of the ________ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons. | prefrontal cortex; amygdala |
| The prefrontal cortex is ________ by ________ projection neurons. | activated; serotonergic |
| Impulsive aggression may reflect ________, which can be treated with ________. | impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine |
| Aggressive behavior is most strongly related to | reproduction |
| Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration whereas injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect. | activational |
| The capacity of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits for aggression is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect. | organizational |
| Intermale aggression will be reinstated in castrated male rats after implants of testosterone into the | medial preoptic area |
| A male mouse housed alone readily attack a male mouse placed into the home cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as to whether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse? | The mouse must be able to detect male pheromones |
| A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse. | testosterone |
| A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is not more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse. | estradiol |
| A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mother’s uterus is likely to | show more interfemale aggression as an adult. |
| Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with male monkeys | near the time of ovulation |
| Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with other females | just prior to menstruation |
| Prenatal exposure to androgens | increases aggressive behavior in all studied species |
| Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest that higher levels of antisocial activity are noted in | low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels |
| An example of an environmental effect on testosterone secretion would be when | losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone |
| Studies using primates suggest that alcohol promotes aggression but only | in dominant male monkeys during the mating season when testosterone levels are high. |
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Nicole24