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VTNE prep
Coville review - Building Blocks
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All bacteria are .. | Prokaryotes (no nucleus) |
| all multicellular organisms are.. | Eukaryotes (have nucleus) |
| Cell membrane (plasma membrane) consist of a ____. The membrane itself chose what comes in and out. This is described as ___. | Double phospholipid bilayer. Selectively permeable. |
| Hair like projections are called __. They are used for __. | Cilia, surface movement. |
| Finger like projections are called __. They are used for __. | Flagellum, cellular movement (the cell itself) |
| Cytoplasm contains | Organelles |
| Name the 7 orgenellels | Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex (appartus), Lysosomes, Perioxisomes, centrioles, Nucleus |
| Microvilli increases what | surface areas |
| Function of ribosomes | Protein synthesis |
| Function of Mitochondria | "powerhouse of cell"; Contains DNA |
| How ATP is produced | Cellular respiration (kreb cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle) |
| Two types of ER | Rough and smooth |
| Difference between Rough and smooth ER | ROUGH - contains ribosomes so acts as a transportation network for proteins. SMOOTH - not involved in protein synthesis, noribosomes attachment. It's function in the liver &intestines is to detoxificate drugs, breakdown fat, sugars |
| Function of Golgi apparatus | Receive, packaging, distributor after receiving substances from the ER and export them out the cell or release them in cytoplasm for internal use. |
| Where are lysosomes produce | Golgi apparatus |
| Lysosomes contains what ? | Enzymes |
| Function of lysosomes | ingest bacteria, breakdown non functional organelles |
| what are Peroxisomes | Membrane bound organelle that contains oxidase and catalase enyzmes |
| Function of perioxisomes | Uses oxygen to detoxify toxic substances (peri"ox"isomes)like alcohol nad formaldehyde |
| where are large # of perioxisomes found in the body? | Liver and kidneys |
| Function of nucleus | Control center of the cell. Contains DNA. Have a double membrane equipt for protection |
| Define solute | substance that can be dissolved |
| Define solvent | substance that does the dissolving |
| Define solution | when the solute has dissolved in solvent, and you can no longer distinguish the two individually. (solvent + solute = solution) |
| Define intracellular | within the cell |
| Define extracellular | outside the cell |
| Define intercellular | in between cell(s) |
| aka intersitial | intracellular |
| No energy is required | Passive processes (diffusion) |
| Define diffusion | movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration |
| Define faclitated diffusion | Diffusion with aid of carrier protein/protein channels (glucose needs this method to enter the cell) |
| Define osmosis | Movement of water from low solute (high solvent) to high solute (low solvent). Remember: water flows to the highest cocentration |
| Define osmotic pressure | amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water across the membrane |
| Define Filtration | when small substances will pass the membrane, and the membrane will not allow large substances to pass through. This is needed for the kidneys |
| Phagocytosis | cell eating |
| Pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| Bulk phase | pinocytosis |
| Exocytosis | materials are expelled from the cell. |
| Examples of exocytosis materials | Hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus, and other waste products. |
| Active transport | requires energy. Going from a low concentration to High concentration with aid of carrier proteins |
| This is an active transport pump | Sodium potassium pump, made for ions, and amino acids |
| Study of tissue | Histology |
| Four types of tissues | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
| Function of epithelial tissue | Covers, lines, and protects, can be receipt of sensory information. |
| Simple squamous epithelial cells lines what | blood vessels, alveoli of lungs, thoracic and abdominal cavity |
| no keratinzed tissues lines what | mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum |
| keratinized tissues lines what | EPIDERMIS |
| simple Cuboidal epithelial cells is important for what | absorption, secretion in glands, small ducts, kidney tubules, and ovary surfaces |
| stratified cuboidal epithelial cells lines what | sweat ducts, salivary and mammary glands |
| Connective tissue is composed of three elements. what are they | cells, fibers, matrix |
| Connective fiber types | collagen (white), elastic (yellow), Reticular fibers. |
| The three types of muscles tissues | Skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| Striated muscle type | Skeletal (since it is striated, it has multiple nuclei. The others do not) |
| INvolunaty muscle types(s) | Smooth and Cardiac. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control so this does not pertain to skeletal muscles |
| Involuntary control means | automatic functioning |
| smooth muscles are found where | organs |
| cardiac muscles are found here | heart muscles, so myocardium |
| Nervous tissue is special because | specializes in conducting electrical impulses |
| Major location for nervous tissues | Brain and spinal cord |
| neurons conduct impulses. Neuroglial (glial) cells do not conduct impulses, so what are these nerves cells use for instead? | Support cells |
| The color of __________ is used to indicate conditions in animals. | Mucous membranes/mucosae membranes |
| serosa (serous) membranes lines | Body cavity. Secretes thin, watery fluid which reduces friction between parietal and visceral surfaces |
| Cutaneous membranes are located where | skin. Have keratin and provides protection, waterproofing |
| Cranial | Towards the head (reference to vertebrae) |
| Caudal | Towards the tail (on vertebrae) |
| Dorsal | Towards back/backbone |
| Ventral | Towards belly/away from backbone/umbilicus |
| Medial | Closest/towards the median plane |
| Lateral | Away from the median plane |
| Proximal | towards the body, on extremities/limbs reference |
| Distal | away from the body, on extremities/limbs reference |
| Anterior and Posterior is used in reference with what | Limbs |
| Anterior | towards the head ; limb reference |
| Posterior | Towards the tail ; limb reference |
| Palmar | bottom of front foot |
| Plantar | Bottom of back foot |
| Skeletal division | axial (Bones found on midline like ribs, skull, vertebrae,etc.) and appendicular (bones in limbs) |
| Type of bone | Compact (dense) and spongy |
| this bones contains the canaliculi and haversian systems | Compact (dense) |
| Flat bones examples | Skull, ribs, pelvis, scapula |
| Long bones examples | Femur, radius, humerus, etc. |
| Short bones examples | Carpus, tarsus |
| Irregular bones examples | vertebrae, petella, sesamoids bones |
| Pneumatic bones | Bones that contains sinuses (frontal) |
| Daphysis | shaft of long bones |
| Epiphysis | Ends of long bones (proximal and distal ends of long bones) |
| articular cartilage | hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones, to allow other bones to connect and create a joint |
| Periosteum | fibrous membrane covering outside of bone |
| endosteoum | lining of marrow cavity |
| Medullary cavity | space in bone that actually contains the marrow (either red or yellow) |
| red marrow | hematopoietic that produces RBC |
| Yellow marrow | adipose fat |
| Bones grows at the end, primarily from this | epiphyseal plate aka epiphyseal cartilage aka growth plate |
| define osteogeneis | Orginal production of bone |
| Define ossification | hardening of bone |
| Bone forms from what | cartilage (ossification) |
| Dogs do not have this in their skeletal system. However, cats do | Clavicle |
| Males do not have ___ in the penis | non-articulating bone (os penis) |
| Synarthrosis | immovable joints (skull) |
| amph*iarthrosis | slightly moveable joints (pubic symphysis) |
| Diarthrosis | freely movable joints (stifle) |
| point of hock | calcaneous |
| Another name for pelvis | Os coxae |
| cranial part of sternum | Manubriam |
| Caudal part of sternum | xiphoid |
| smooth muscle | is not striated |
| Involuntary movement correspond with these two muscle groups | smooth and cardiac |
| Muscles fibers are under what principle when contracting | all or nothing rule |
| Flexor | decrease angle of joint |
| Extensor | Increasing angle of joint |
| abductor | moving bone away from the midline |
| adductor | moving bone towards the midline |
| Levator | producing a dorsally directed movement |
| Depressor | Producing a ventrally directed movement |
| Sphinctor | decreasing the size of an opening |
| CNS consist of what two things | Brain and spinal cord |
| Site of motor control and interpretation of snesory impulses | Cerebrum |
| PNS (peripheral nervous system) contains what | sensories and afferent/efferent receptors |
| Somatic means in somatic nervous system | what makes the body moves |
| Somatic impulses flow from what to what | from CNS to skeletal muscles |
| autonomic Nervous system impulses flow from what to what | from CNS to smooth muscles (on organs) and glands |
| Functional unit of muscle | sacromere |
| Three types of muscles | Smooth, cardiac, skeletal |
| Two muscles that are striated | cardiac, and skeletal |
| striated, voluntary | skeletal muscle |
| another name for ball and socket joint | spheroid (shoulder and hip joint) |
| Pivot (trochoid joint) | alantoccipital (for rotation) |
| Smooth muscles have no | straition (multinuclear). IT is voluntary |
| Describe neuron anatomy | dendrites ( receive the impulse, surrounds the cell body), axon takes the impulses away from the cell body and travel it down the axon terminal to pass it to other neurons |
| what is released in the synaptic cleft to transmit the impulse to sarcolemma | acetylcholine |
| flexor | decrease the angle of joint |
| extensor | increase the angle of joint |
| abduction | moving bone away from midline |
| adduction | moving bone towards the midline |
| levator | producing dorsally directed movement |
| depressor | producing ventrally directed movement |
| cerebrum | site of motor control and interpretation of sensory impulses |
| cerebrum surface area description | gyri (elevations) and sulcus (fissures) |
| Diencephalon is region of ... | thalamus and hypothalamus |
| So diecephalon contains what again | thalamus and hypothalamus |
| Describe thalamus | a "station" for sensory impulses and interprets some sensation like temperature and pain |
| Describe hypothalamus | regulates homeostasis |
| Brain stem | contains midbrain, pons, and medulla |
| ACTH. stands for and where it produce, and what is it function | adrenocorticotropic hormone. Produce by the anterior pituitary, tells the adrenal cortex to produce cortisone and aldosterone. |
| Name all the hormones that comes form the anterior pituitary | FSH, prolactin, GnRH, ACTH, LH |
| aka ACTH (adrenocorticotropic) | corticotropin |
| Pon contains what | respiratory systems |
| what does the medulla do | influence respiratory rate, heart rate, vomitting, coughing, sneezing |
| Responsible for coordination and balance | cerebellum |
| Spinal cord consist of | white matter (OUTER, contains nerve fibers) and butterfly shape INNER GRAY MATTER (contains neuron cell bodies) |
| protects brain and spinal cord | bone and meninges |
| Meninges layers | 1. Dura meter (Outer dense fibers) 2. Arachnoid (middle delicate tissues) 3. Pia mater (contains blood vessels) 4. Epidural space 5. subarachnoid space (contains CSF) |
| cushings and nourish the brain | CSF |
| what is the blood brain barrier | a barrier that protects the brain from toxic and chemical levels that are present within the bloodstream. |
| aka sensory nerves | afferent |
| aka motor nerves | efferent. |
| which nerves are part of the autonomic/involuntary system | EFFERENT!!!!!!!!!! REMEMBER THE DIAPHRAGM |
| when dendrites receive the impulses, where do dendrites transmit the impulses | to the cell body/nucleus |
| nerve impulses are generated by | action potential |
| what is an action potential | it is depolarization (contracting, internal K+ switch with outer Na+), then re-polarization (relaxing, electrolytes return back to their original position) |
| how do impulses travel | in one direction |
| what is saltatory conduction | having myelinated nerve cells. Myelination transmit stronger and faster impulses |
| heart muscle layers | 1. Pericardium (double membrane) 2. Myocardium 3. endocardium (lining) |
| The connects cardiac muscle cells | intercalated disk |
| describe intercalated disk | under low electrical resistance, therefore, the impulses spreads very quickly and all cells seemed to function as one. |
| heart sound | lub, dub, pause |
| describe "lub" sound (first sound) | AV valve closes* (doors are slam first) |
| Describe the "dub" sound (second sound) | semiulnar (pulmonic valve) closes* |
| Dogs heart rate | 60 (or 70) - 120 bpm |
| cats heart rate | 150 - 210 bpm |
| P wave | atrial depolarization |
| PR interval | impulses sent from SA node to purkinje fibers |
| QRS complex | ventricle depolarization |
| T wave | ventricle repolarization |
| skin layers | epidermis (keritinized), dermis (blood supply), hypodermis (fat) |
| uterus layers | 1. perimetrium 2. myometrium 3. endometrium |
| embryonic membrane layers | 1. Chorion 2. amnion 3. allantois |
| Cow placentation | cotyledonary |
| cat and dog placentation | zonary |
| Rodents and primates placentation | discoid |
| Horse placentation | diffuse |
| when 1 chamber of the heart is relaxed, the other | contracts (love hate relationship) |
| blood vessels smallest, to largest | 1. ateries 2. arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. venules 5. veins |
| This blood vessels partake in exchange of o2 and Co2, and have a layer of endothelium | capillaries |
| inner folds of the stomach is called | rugae |
| what is chyme | when food is mixed in the stomach until it is reduce to liquid |
| all ruminants are ______ but not all _____ are _____ | all ruminants are herbivores, but not all herbivores are ruminants |
| largest capartment of the cow | rumen |
| aka rumen | fermentation vat |
| hardware carpartment | reticulum |
| most cranial compartment that is not completely seperated from the rumen | reticulum |
| honey comb appearance | reticulum |
| what does the omasum do | grinds up food and absorbs water and bicarbonate |
| true stomach | abomasum |
| absorbs water and produce vit B and K | Large intestines |
| large intestines is composed of | cecum and colon |
| amylase digest | starches |
| liver produces ___ which __________ | produce bile that emulsify fats |
| where bile is stored, then appear where else. How does that happens? | gall bladder, then the gallbladder sends the bile to the duodenum when under the influence of CCK (cholecystokinin) |
| These animals do not have gallbladders | horses and rats |
| Tryspin breaks down | protein |
| Lipase breaks down | fat |
| where is amylase, lipase, and trypsin located | pancreas |
| Large intestines function | absorbs water and make vit. B and K, and moves waste towards the rectum |
| Fuction of the lymphatic system | absorbs protein containing fluids that escapes from the capillaries, and return the fluids to the venous system |
| lymphatic system produces | lymphocytes |
| Lymph node glands (3) | 1. Spleen 2. Tonsils 3. Thymus |
| Voice box | layrnx |
| anatomy levels starting from nostrils | Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| Define ventaliation | movement of air b/t atmosphere and lungs |
| **External respiration | exchange of gases b/t alveoli and blood |
| **internal respiration | exchange of gases b/t blood and cells |
| dead space | air in pathways of the respiratory system |
| Horse respiratory rate | 8-16 rr |
| eupnea | good, normal respiration |
| This kidney is more firmly attach to the peritoneal and cranial to the other kidney | right (remember, right is always right) |
| in the kidneys, medulla contains | loop of henle |
| REMEMBER TO STUDY LEWIS KIDNEYSSSSSSS | STUDY LEWIS KIDNEYS |
| aldosterone is what kind of steroid | mineralcorticoid |
| what does aldosterone do | tells the kidney to reabsorp sodium and retain sodium |
| micturition | urination |
| reabsorption occurs where in the kidneys | PCTs and loop of henle |
| secretions occurs where | from the peritubular capillaries into the DCT |
| Testesterone is produce where | leydig cells |
| dogs have prostate only T or F | True |
| Cats only have prostate T or F | False. Cats have prostate and bulbourethral gland |
| aka bulbourethral gland | Cowper's gland |
| bull, boar, and rams have what | sigmoid flexure. They use this to achieve erection |
| FSH comes from where | anterior pituitary |
| aka uterine horn | follopian tubes |
| aka oviduct | fillopian tubes |
| uniparous | giving birth to one offspring at a time |
| multiparous | giving birth to more than one offspring at at time |
| in multiparous animals, the young develops where | in the oviducts/fullopian tubes |
| this animal has two cervixes | rabbits |
| describe the endomyetrium in animals with estrous cylces | is reabsorbes |
| describe the endometrium in animals with mentsrual cycles (like primates) | it sloughed |
| cat's estrous | seasonly polyestrus? |
| in estrous cycle, this is the period of preperation, under the stimualation of FSH and helps build up uterus and uterine horns | Proestrus |
| Proestrus last how long | |
| "standing heat" | estrus |
| when female is receptive to male | estrus |
| uterus and uterine horn are ready to recieve the embryo | estrus |
| release of the LH causes what | ovulation |
| when the Corpeus leteum develops | metaestrus |
| corpeus leteum makes what hormone | progesterone |
| this causes final maturation of the uterine horn | when CL produce progesterone |
| how do CL forms | from a rupture follicle |
| when does the CL degenerates if no pregnancy occurs | Diestrus |
| coitus | act of mating |
| copulation | act of mating |
| where does fertilization occurs | in the oviduct. then the oviduct takes the egg to the uterus in uniparous animals. The fertilize egg stays in oviduct if multiparous |
| In the protective fetal membrane, the chorion attaches to the | endometrium |
| where does the allantois connects | two layer membrane. One layer connects to the chorion, the other layer connects to the amnion |
| amnion | surrounds the fetus and contains amnionic fluids |
| gestation period of a ferret | 45 days |
| gestation period of a sheep | 5 months |
| gestation period of a dog/cat | +/- 63 days |
| gestation period of a cow | 285 days |
| gestation period of a horse | 336 days |
| where are melonocytes located | DERMIS |
| hair is produce within a | follicle |
| arrector muscle | makes hair stand up, like when cats are frightened |
| hypodermis have what | connective tissue, mostly adipose tissue |
| vascular coat b/t the sclera and the retina | Choroid |
| nervous coat that house photoreceptors. These photoreceptors are call __ and __. | Retina. Rods and cones |
| lens does what | help focus light into the retina |
| define iris | colored, contractile membrane that regulates amount of light passing thru the pupil |
| where is the iris located | b/t the lens and cornea |
| the opening in the center of the eyelid | pupil |
| transparent covering on the eye | cornea |
| conjuctiva | MM that covers the eyelids |
| third eyelid | nictating membrane |
| tactile hairs | whiskers |
| photoreceptors | cones and rods |
| which photoreceptor responds to color and BRIGHT LIGHT | CONES |
| which photoreceptor responds to dim light and present in noncturnal animals | rods |
| how impulses from cones and rods transmitted | optic nerve |
| Layers of the ear | outer, middle, inner |
| tympanic membrane is where in the ear | outer |
| the three ossicles is where in the ear | middle |
| cochlear is where in the ear | inner |
| define articulation | aka joint. where two bones meets |
| define canthi/canthus | upper and lower, corner eyelids |
| blood circulation that nourishes the myocardium | coronary circulation |
| dead space | air left in the passageway |
| time of female's cycle when she is receptive to the male | estrus |
| intercellular | b/t cells |
| intracellular | in the cell |
| Monotocous | producing one offspring at birth |
| nonspontanous ovulator is aka | induce ovulators |
| define nonspontanous ovulator | ovulation occur when bred |
| define osmotic pressure | ammount of pressure needed to stop flow of across the membrane |
| polytocous | giving birth to multiple offspring |
| animal with four chamber stomach, chews on cud | ruminants (cow, sheep, goats) |
| spontaneous ovulator | ovulation that occurs naturally within the cylce |
Created by:
m1042140