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Lasers
Laser Stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| LASER is an acronym for what? | Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation |
| Name the 3 major chromophores in the skin | Hemoglobin, Melanin, Water |
| What is the theory of selective photothermolysis? | A targeted chromophore absorbs a particular wavelength of light; when the time of exposure (pulse duration) is shorter than the cooling time (thermal relaxation), then thermal injury occurs |
| Why is IPL not a LASER? | It has neither coherent light nor is a single wavelength |
| IPL is used for what? | -vascular lesions -pigmented lesions -hair removal -photorejuvenation -nonablative remodeling |
| What is the wavelength range of IPL? | 515-1200nm |
| What is thermage? | nonablative radiofrequency-based system that uses volumetric heating to induce tightening of the skin and dermal remodeling |
| What is a potential side effect of thermage? | lipoatrophy (occurs LATE) |
| What is a FRAXEL laser? | uses "fractional thermolysis" that allows for more rapid reepithelialization and remodeling |
| What is the difference b/w a larger and smaller spot size? | -larger spot size = less scattering of energy and deeper penetration -smaller spot size = requires a higher energy to compensate for the increased scattered effect |
| Depth of penetration of proportional or inversely proportional to the wavelength? | proportional |
| What is the target of the hair removal laser? | bulge of the hair follicle and dermal papilla |
| Wavelength of the excimer laser? | 308nm |
| The Excimer laser may damage which eye structures? | lens and cornea |
| Erb:YAG lasers may damage which eye structure? | cornea |
| CO2 lasers may damage which eye structure? | cornea |
| Ruby lasers may damage which eye structures? | Retina |
| PDL lasers may damage which eye structures? | retina |
| Describe LASER light? | -monochromatic (single wavelength) -spatially coherent (light in phase) -collimated (in parallel) |
| What is gain medium? | determines the wavelength of the light (ie liquid, gas, solid) |
| What is pulse duration? | exposure time of the laser -best is the pulse duration is less than the thermal relaxation time |
| What is passive cooling? | aqueous gel |
| What is active contact cooling? | water encased in sapphire or glass housing |
| What is dynamic active cooling? | cryogen spray |
| What does "Q-switched" mean? | "Quality-Switched": allows accumulation of excessive energy in the laser cavity prior to emission -short pulses of high power |
| What are Q-switched lasers used for? | tattoo removal and superficial pigmented lesions |
| Thermal relaxation time is proportional to what aspect of the chromophore? | square of the target's diameter (shortest TRT in the chromophore of the smallest size) |
| The targeted clinical endpoint when treating a pigmented lesion with a laser is? | uniform but faint whitening with no epidermal disruption |
| What does SHG mean? | Second harmonic generation = frequency doubled |
| What is the range of the Soret band? | 400-420 |
| Why do white/pink/peach/flesh-toned tattoos turn dark gray or black immediately after QS laser treatment? | reduction of ferric oxide to ferrous oxide |
| About how many treatments does an amateur tattoo require? | 3-4 |
| About how many treatments does a professional tattoo require? | ~10 |
| What are the absorption peaks for hemoglobin? | 418, 542, 577 |
| What are the absorption peaks for melanin? | 300-1000 (peaks at 335) |
| What are the absorption peaks for water? | 1450, 1950, 3000 |
| Black tattoos contain? | carbon and iron oxide |
| Blue tattoos contain? | cobalt |
| Brown tattoos contain? | ferric oxide |
| Green tattoos contain? | chromic oxide |
| Purple tattoos contain? | manganese |
| Red tattoos contain? | cinnabar (mercury sulfide) and cadmium red |
| White tattoos contain? | titanium dioxide |
| Yellow tattoos contain? | cadmium sulfide |
| Excimer laser contains what chemical compound? | XeCl |
| Which LASERs will treat tattoos? | -short wavelength pulsed dye -QS Nd:YAG (frequency doubled) -QS Ruby -QS Alexandrite -QS Nd: Yag |
| Wavelength of Argon? | 488, 514 (melanin, Hb) |
| Which lasers use gas as a gain medium? | Argon, CO2, helium-neon |
| Which lasers use a solid as a gain medium? | Nd:yag, Ruby |
| Which lasers use liquid as a gain medium? | dye lasers |
| Wavelength of copper vapor laser? | 511, 578nm (melanin, Hb) |
| Wavelength of KTP laser? | 532nm (melanin, Hb) |
| Wavelength of QS Nd:Yag (frequency doubled)? | 532nm (tattoo) |
| Wavelength of PDL? | 585-595 (Hb) |
| Wavelength of Ruby? | 694nm (melanin) |
| Wavelength of QS Ruby | 694 (melanin, tattoo) |
| Wavelength of Alexandrite? | 755nm (melanin) |
| Wavelength of QS Alexandrite? | 755nm (melanin, tattoo) |
| Wavelength of Diode? | 800-810 (melanin, Hb) |
| Wavelength of Nd:Yag (long-pulsed)? | 1064nm (melanin, Hb) |
| Wavelength of QS Nd:Yag? | 1064nm (melanin, tattoo) |
| Which lasers can be used for hair removal in light skin? | Ruby, Alexandrite, Diode |
| Which lasers can be used for hair removal in dark skin? | Diode, Nd:Yag |
| Wavelength of Diode? | 1450 (water) |
| Wavelength of Er:Yag? | 2940 (water) |
| Wavelength of CO2? | 10,600 (water) |
| Which lasers do ablative resurfacing? | Er:Yag and CO2 |
| Which lasers do nonablative remodeling? | Nd:Yag (long-pulsed at 1320) and Diode |
| Which laser for vascular and pigmented lesions has a high risk of scarring? | Argon |
| Which laser for hair removal has an increased risk of epidermal damage? | Ruby |
| Which lasers are often used for treatment of leg veins? | Diode and Nd:Yag (long pulsed) |
| Which laser is more commonly used for treatment of Nevus of Ota? | Ruby |
| Which lasers target hemoglobin? | Argon, copper vapor, KTP, pulsed dye |
| Which lasers target melanin | PDL (short wavelength), KTP, Ruby, Alexandrite, Diode, Nd:Yag |
| Which lasers target water? | CO2, Erb:Yag, Diode, Nd:Yag (1320 wavelength) |
| Which lasers emit Green light and what tattoo color do they treat? | -Pulsed dye (short wavelength), QS Nd:Yag -Yellow, red, organ, purple |
| Which lasers emit Red light and what tattoo color do they treat? | -Ruby, Alexandrite -green, blue, black |
| QS Nd:Yag (not frequency doubled) treats which tattoo colors? | blue, black |
Created by:
criddel