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Term

Phylogeny
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Systematics
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Bio: Chapter 26

TermDefinition
Phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
Systematics A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
Binomial Two-part format of the scientific name
Genus First part of the scientific name. To which the species belongs
Specific Epithet Second part of the scientific name. Unique for each species within the genus.
Taxon The named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy.
Phylogenetic Tree The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called the...
PhyloCode System of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships : Only groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants are named.
Polytomy A branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge.
Homoplasies Analogous structures that arose independently
Molecular Systematics The discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships.
Cladistics An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent.
Clades A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Monophyletic Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants. Clade
Paraphyletic Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
Polyphyletic Pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors.
Shared Ancestral Character A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade.
Shared Derived Character An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.
Outgroup A species/ group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied. Its members are closely related to the group of species being studied.
Ingroup A species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seek to determine.
Maximum Parsimony A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.
Maximum Likelihood As applied to systematics, a principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypotheses, one should take into account the hypothesis that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
Phylogenetic Bracketing An approach in which features shared by two groups of organisms are predicted to be present in their common ancestor and all of its descendants.
Orthologous Genes Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation.
Paralogous Genes Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication.
Molecular Clock A method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates.
Neutral Theory The hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian natural selection.
Horizontal Gene Transfer The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms.
Taxonomy A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.
Sister Taxa Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor.
Rooted When a branch point within the tree represents the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.
Created by: Gianna B
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