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Nutrition Nigga
proteins and sheits
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a monomer? What is proteins monomer? | The most basic unit ex. amino acids are the monomers of protein |
| What are some signs of protein malnourishment? | Change in hair, nails, etc. |
| What are enzymes? | Compounds that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions without becoming part of the products. They come in, make it happen, then leave |
| What are hormones? examples? | chemical messengers that regulate body processes and responses. ex. insulin and glucagon |
| What is the function of proteins? | Transport proteins: oxygen and many nutrients are transported in blood by special proteins. -proteins aid in fluid balance. -people starving often have swollen ankles. |
| two types of amino acids? | Essential amino acids: CANNOT be made by the body-must be supplied by the diet (9/20 amino acids) Nonessential amino acids: can be made by the body (11/20) |
| where does protein absorption occur? | small intestine- |
| when does the body experience positive nitrogen balance? (body retains more nitrogen than it loses) | growth, pregnancy, recovery from illness |
| when does the body experience nitrogen equilibrium? | when healthy adults meet protein and energy needs |
| What does it mean to be lactose intolerant and what causes it? | -it is the inability to digest LACTOSE. -it is caused by inadequate LACTASE |
| What are carbohydrates? | -major source of energy -made by plants from co2 and h20, using energy from the sun -often identified by the chemical name ending in "-ose" ex. glucose or fructose |
| what is carbohydrates monomer? | monosaccharide |
| name 3 members of monosaccharides: (important) | glucose- primary energy source for cells fructose-fruit sugar galactose-milk sugar |
| now turn these 3 into disaccharides | all you have to do is add one glucose to each! glucose + glucose= MALTOSE glucose + fructose= SUCROSE glucose + galactose= LACTOSE |
| what is sucrose? | -table sugar is almost 100% sucrose. -made from sugar CANE or sugar BEETS |
| what are sugar alcohols? | -exist in alternative sweeteners -is poorly absorbed by the body and may cause diarrhea and dental cavities |
| What are complex carbohydrates? | -any with more than 2 -help with your heart, prevents cancer |
| What is fiber and what are the two types? | most forms of fiber and complex carbohydrates that the human body cannot digest. two types: soluble and insoluble |
| what happens to carbohydrates in your body? (summary) | 1. mouth-salivary amylase digests some starch 2. stomach- acid inactivates salivary amylase 3. small intes.- main site for carb digestion/absorption 4. Liver-absorbed monosaccharides travel to liver 5.large intes.-some soluble fiber fermented 6rectum |
| What is hypoglycemia? | abnormally low blood glucose levels -true hypoglycemia is rare |
| Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? | type 1: -autoimmune disease. Beta cells stop making insulin Type 2: -most common type, insulin resistant cells |
| how does one control diabetes? | 1. Maintenance of normal or near normal blood glucose levels 2. follow special diet 3. obtain regular physical activity |
| what does "lipids" include? | -fatty acids -triglycerides -phospholipids -cholesterol -lipids are insoluble in water and less dense than water |
| what are triglycerides? | -composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol "backbone" -~95% of lipids in the body and foods is in the form of triglycerides. |
| What are phospholipids? | -chemical similar to triglyceride, 1 fatty acid is replaced by a compound containing phosphorus and nitrogen groups. |
| What are the functions of cholesterol? | the body uses cholesterol to make: -vitamin D -steroid hormones (Estrogen or testosterone) -Bile |
| how do fatty acids vary by saturation? | Saturated: each carbon atom within the chain holds 2 hydrogen atoms Unsaturated: one or more carbon atoms within the chain lack 2 hydrogen atoms, and as a result, the molecule has 1 or more DOUBLE BONDS |
| What are trans fats? | -unsaturated fats with at least 1 trans double bond rather than the more common cid double bond |
| What can high amounts of trans fat do to the body? | -increase heart disease risk by RAISING BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS |
| Omega-3's and Omega 6's; what are their sources and what are their actions? | Omega-3 (good): sources-fatty fish, canola oils, walnuts, and flaxseed. actions-reduces inflammation, blood clotting, and blood pressure (ESKIMOS) Omega-6 (bad): sources-animal fats and vegetable oils. actions- inflammation and blood clotting |
| what are the 2 essential fatty acids? | 1. Linolenic acid 2. Linoleic acid |
| what are lipoproteins? | -transport lipids in the blood -play major role in atherosclerosis development -carry different types of lipids and can influence plaque formation differently |
| What are High-density lipoproteins? | HDL commonly called GOOD cholesterol -transports cholesterol AWAY from tissues and to the liver where it can be eliminated. |
| What are Low-density lipids? | LDL commonly called "bad" cholesterol -conveys cholesterol TO tissues |
| What is the process of hydrogenation? | process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oils partial hydrogenation: not all double bonds are hydrogenated |
| What is Bile? | -made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder -contains bile salts that aid in lipid digestion -w/o bile, lipids clump together in large fat globules |
| give a summary of lipid digestion and absorption | 1.stomach-minor fat digestion occurs 2.liver-produces bile that helps emulsify fat 3.pancreas- secretes lipase into small intestine 4.small intes.-main site for lipid digestion and absorption 5. anus-less than 5% of undigested fat is excreted in feces |
| what are tissues? two types? | collection of similar cells that perform specialized functions Epithelial tissue: cells that form linings and coverings (skin) Connective tissue: cells that hold together, protect, and support organs (bone, fa,t blood) |
| what is a system? | collection of organs that work together to perform a major function |
| what is the main function of the cardiovascular system? | circulate blood throughout the body |
| Respiratory system? | lungs enable body to exchange gases, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| lymphatic system? | helps maintain fluid balance, absorb many fat-soluble nutrients and defend body against diseases |
| Urinary system? | kidneys filter unneeded substances from blood and help maintain proper fluid balance bladder stored urine until elimination |
| Muscular system? | muscles enable movement to occur, and they provide support and protection |
| Skeletal system? | bones provide support, movement, and protection. Also store certain minerals and produce red blood cells |
| Nervous system? | nervous system cells (neurons) in the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the body transmit information and responses by electrical and chemical signals |
| Endocrine system? | organs and tissues that produce hormones |
| Integumentary system? | comprised of skin, hair, and nails |
| What is your GI track? what is bioavailability? | Gi tract-muscular tube that extends from mouth the anus Bioavailability-extent to which digestive tract absorbs nutrients and how well the body uses them |
| what is chemical digestion? | -saliva mixes and lubricates food -salivary amylase and lipase begin breakdown of starch and fat, respectively |
| what are the 5 tastes? | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami |
| what is peristalsis? | muscular contractions that move small amounts of food and beverages through intestinal tract |
| what is your Gastroesophageal sphincter? | located at the end of the esophagus;controls opening and closing of the stomach |
| what is chyme? | mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food |
| what is your pyloric sphincter? | controls rate of chyme release into small intestine |
| what does your liver do? | processes and stores many nutrients, makes cholesterol and bile |
| what does your gallbladder do? | stores bile that aids in fat digestion |
| what does your pancreas do? | produces and secretes many digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions |
| what is Villi? | tiny projections that line the small intestine |
| What are absorptive cells? | remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into intestinal blood or lymph |
| what are the two major sections of the large intestine? | colon and rectum-absorption of water and minerals occurs |
| causes and treatments of vomiting? | causes: ingestion of toxic substances, intense pain, head injury, motion sickness, pregnancy etc treatment: avoid solid food, sip water or non-carbonated beverages to prevent dehydration |
| What is a peptic ulcer? | sore in lining of stomach -deep abdominal pain treatment: antibiotixs to eliminate helicobacter pyori |
| What are some factors that inc. the risk of peptic ulsers? | -alc consumption -genetics -smoking -emotional stress -excess acid production |
| What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome? (IBS) | intestinal cramps and abnormal bowel function. -unknown causes-linked to stress |
| What is Crohn's disease? | -most cases occur in the small intestine-nutrient absorption -lesions deep into intestinal tissue that causes scarring therapy: aggressive dietary management: protein/energy/liquid suppliments |
| What is celiac disease? | -a genetically-based, abnormal immune response to a protein fraction in wheat gluten -gluten causes severe intestinal damage and malabsorption -life-time adherence to a gluten-free diet |
Created by:
rquirk32