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ANT125h - 1st Exam
1st Exam
| Why Study Archaeology or Bio/Physical Anthropology? | History Matters - It changes the perception/world-view of Ourselves - Answers: "Who Are We?" There is power of the past in the present - how is past different from 'Now'? - Discover the relationship btwn artifacts & culture - Involves Interdisciplinary & Comparative Science |
| Anthropology | The study of human cultural. social, & biological diversity in time and space Began in 19th C |
| What are the 4 sub-fields of Anthropology? | Physical/Biological - (Biology) relationships btwn human biology & culture - primatology, human evolution & adaptation Archaeology - study of past cultures through material remains (Artifacts) Sociocultural - study of living people & cultures (being embedded within) Linguistic - study of language & culture |
| What are Antiquarians? (ex. John Aubrey - 17th C) | Wealthy gentlemen who collected "curiosities" for display w/limited curiosity re:them & explained via reference to texts (degenerationist thought) Did develop the basic techniques for finding & excavating sites, describing & classifying artifacts |
| How are Antiquarians different from Archaeologists? | for Arch.'s - if data different from the idea, the idea has to change. They didn't make the data fit with their preconceived notions |
| What is "Science"? | You are only doing Science if you prove yourself wrong! Then come up with new ideas. Evidence Rules Over Hypothesis |
| Degenerationist/Pre-Enlightnement Then Enlightnement Thought | Everything was perfect in the past, so refer to the past for answers. Usually the Classical Works or the Bible. Then "Everything Bad in past & then got better" |
| Psychic Unity(Bastian) > Unilineal Evolution | Unity - 1st organized attempt to explain human diversity, understand history/culture; societies develop in similar ways influenced by environment - Europeans' harsh climate made them improve faster - Unilineal - simple to complex; org's > humans > societies |
| Franz Boas 1858-1942 | DOMINATED 1st 1/2 of 20th C - trained everyone else - Rejected Unilineal in favor of cultural relativism and historical particularism - fieldwork & description Normative view of culture - popularized the 4 sub-fields of Anthropology |
| Unilineal Evolution Pros/Cons | Pros: asserts human equality (equal potential); Cons: assumed inferiority of non-Europeans (most evolved); justified slavery, colonialism, etc.; simplistic view of "diversity" |
| Normative View of Culture | Culture is a set of shared subconscious ideas, and understanding of the world and what is "normal & proper" behavior |
| Historical Synopsis | Culture History - Normative culture, developed basic methods, asked "who, where, when?" Processual(Binford) - functional culture, sci. methods/statistics, asked re: adaptation (BIG in CRM) Post-Processual(Hodder) - meaningful culture, critical theory, hermeneutics(interpreting text), context & history Today - processual or historical processual - incorporate humanistic questions AND Sci methods |
| Nat'l Historic Preservation Act - 1966 | Boom! - Fed Agencies must consider historic properties - made archaeology viable career from 100's to 20k - CRM (Cultural Resource Mgt) is processual |
| Goal of Archaeology & Physical Anthropology | "Find, Record, & Recover Meaningful Items" - material culture, ecofacts, human/hominid remains - record context (!!!) - location & associations - conservation - preserve pt of site intact - curate items - PUBLISH results! |
| Steps in a Project | 1 - survey - find & record sites 2 - text excavations - to guide further work 3 - excavation - type determined by goals 4 - analysis & reporting - Lab studies, Presentation of results, curation of artifacts |
| Types of Relative Dating | Stratigraphy & Seriation, Obsidian Hydration(how long exposed to humid air), 18-Oxy(higher ratio then lower temps's) C3/trees(less 13C) - C4/grasses(more 13C) |
| Types of Chronometric/Absolute Dating | Dendrochronology, RadioCarbon(c14/c12 - cup full at death), K-Ar(cup empty at eruption), Luminescence(heated obj's when last exposed to heat), ESR(teeth and crystals when last exposed to light), Paleomagnetism (Lava - poles direction frozen) |
| Evolution | Change through time in allele frequencies in a population |
| Mechanisms of Evolution | Mutation creates variation Nat'l Selection acts on variation Drift - random chg that does not affect survival Gene flow - interbreeding moving DNA around |
| Nat'l Selection Key Ideas | - There is variation w/in a species - Variation is hereditary - Some guys are better adapted & more successful breeders - The whole Pop. gets better adapted to its niche over time - NO! Overall goal - could be simple or complex |
| Human Diversity - greatest where & why | Africa - greatest time for drift to occur |
| Adaptation explains what | - body shape & - limb proportions & - (tiny bit) skin color - elevation - 2 kinds - S.A.Barrel Chest - Himalayas more red blood cells - Lactose tolerance |
| Drift explains what | Non-survival characteristics - skin color - hair color |
| Human Diversity Clines | gradual changes across space w/o sharp boundaries - exception - recent immigrants or cultural barriers to intermingling |
| Correlation of traits | Very Low - ex. blood type vs. skin color - ex intelligence to anything - exception - recently evolved trait in a population that hasn't had time to breed into everyone (ex. lactose tolerance - probably from Europe) |
| Species | a reproductively isolated population that reproduces viable offspring - always 'becoming' - always changing |
| Paleoanthropology | Hominin Macro-evolution - evolutionary principles applied to Humans |
| Types of Physical Anthropolgy | Phy/Bio - Humans as organisms Paleo - evolution of Human line Primatology - Primate study TO UNDERSTAND HUMANS Forensic - Present time for criminal investigations Growth - adaptations/physical variation in LIVING groups |
| Archaeology | study of the past through physical remains Prehistoric, historical, contemporary, applied, heritage studies & CRM (Cultural Resource Mgt) |
| Race | = subspecies is there greater variability btwn subspecies than within species - for humans - NO! cultural construct |
| Race | There is greater variability within so-called 'races' than there is between them - we interbreed - a LOT - just super sensitive to anything that could label another human as "Not Us" |
| Race | construct of completely arbitrary categories that vary in time & space - it only exists in a complex multicultural society because only such a one would be exposed to multiple "others" and feel the need to label them - it's a power trip |
| Why Study Other Primates | Seen as models for early Hominids(bipedals) - baboons Savannah environ, completely terrestrial - chimps/bonobos, closest in biology & adaptations Look for differences/sameness - what is unique to us Can illustrate shared biology vs cultural influences |
| Arboreal Adaptations | generalized anatomy & dentition, configuration of shoulders & hands, good vision, big cerebral cortex |
| Primate characteristics vs. other mammals | large complex brain, high energy requirements, infant dependency & learning, flexible behavioral adaptation, highly social, few young & long dependence |
| What is unique to "Humans"? | Bipedal Locomotion Post-menopause useful/long Lifespan Male provisioning of the Young |
| Why Bipedal? Pros & Cons | •pros: gather some foods more quickly (fruits); carry babies, food (♂provisioning?); walk farther (more efficient); see farther (see predators, share information); reduce heat stress •cons: slower; more visible to predators |
| Where is the most evidence? | The Great Rift Valley •tectonically & volcanically active •mostly dry today –lots of erosion •bones preserved; dateable sediments; bones get found |
| the Big 4 we are interested in Before H. Sapiens | Ardipithecus5.8 –4.4 MA Australopithecus 4.2 –1.1 MA(had cow-man/robust line) Homo habilis(2.4 –1.4 MA) - Oldowan Tools Homo erectus(1.8 MA –200 kya) -•brain big as ours •Acheulieanstone tool industry 1.6 MA –200 kya •spreads out of Africa; boats, fire… hunting?? |
| Why did H. Erectus leave Africa? | •(hu)man the hunter? •cooking? (Wrangham/ Wong) •springs? (man the thirsty?) •grandma? (man the mamma’s boy?) •high-quality resources? (man the hungry?) |
| Archaic H Sapiens | •diverse, many proposed species •typical physical characteristics: -big brow ridges; long, low skull; occipital bun -relatively large teeth, heavy jaw, no chin -postcranial robusticity(big boned) •1stclear evidence of hunting, hints of symbolism •Most Famous - Neandertals because was where we dug the most - Europe |
| Homo neanderthalensis | •Europe and Asia Minor ~225 –30 kya - glaciers •brains as big as ours (different shape) •burial of dead, care of sick & elderly •beginnings of art -symbolic communication - Language •advances in stone tool technology -Levallois technique, Mousterian industry (200 –40 kya) |
| AMH - anatomically modern humans | appear ~ 200 –100 kya •question of origins •little technological change until ~40 kya |
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Elthatsme
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